Natively known as: Ingarɪn /ˈingaɹin/
The language of the Wolntareans, this has survived through tremendous efforts during the Cheala Empire, when it was nearly eradicated. It is the official language of Wolntare.
…and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
…ke jĩ rɪtɪ mbõ jĩ wẽgo ke nɪ̃ jĩ rɪdoa noxe bome re
Pronunciation: /ke jĩ ˈrɪti mbʊ̃ jĩ ˈwə̃gʊ ke nĩ jĩ ˈrɪdɔɑ ˈnoxe ˈɓomə re/
Ingarin word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to
Dictionary – Coming Soon!
Phonology and Spelling
Consonant inventory: /b c d g h j k l m mb n nd p r s t w x ŋ ɓ ɗ ɟ ɣ ɬ ɲ ɹ ʃ ʄ ʒ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Prenasalized stop | mb | nd | ||||
| Stop | p b | t d | c ɟ | k g | ||
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | |||
| Fricative | s | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | h | ||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ | |||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labio-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | w |
Vowel inventory: /a e ẽ i ĩ o õ u ũː æ ɑ ɔ ə ə̃ ɛ ɪ ɪ̃ ʊ ʊ̃/
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ | u ũː | |
| Near-high | ɪ̃ ɪ | ʊ ʊ̃ | |
| High-mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Mid | ə ə̃ | ||
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Near-low | æ | ||
| Low | a | ɑ |
Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ?
Word initial consonants: b, c, d, g, j, k, l, mb, n, nd, r, s, t, w, x, ɓ, ɗ, ɟ, ɣ, ɬ, ɲ, ɹ, ʃ, ʄ, ʒ
Mid-word consonants: b, c, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, mb, n, nd, p, r, s, t, w, x, ŋ, ɓ, ɗ, ɟ, ɣ, ɬ, ɲ, ɹ, ʃ, ʄ, ʒ
Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application): ?
- j → ʤ / V_V
- t → s / _{n,m}
- d → t / _{l,r}
- ŋ → ɲ / _{i,e}
- n → Ø / _s
- e → a / _#
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| i | ɪ |
| æ | a |
| ŋ | n |
| ɑ | a |
| ɓ | b |
| ɔ | o |
| ə | e |
| ɛ | e |
| ɲ | n |
| ɹ | r |
| ʃ | sh |
| ʊ | o |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?
Nouns
| Singular | No affix lonɪ̃ /ˈlonĩ/ dog |
| Plural | Prefix gɑ- galonɪ̃ /ˈgɑlonĩ/ dogs |
Articles
Ingarin has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.
Pronouns
| 1st singular | ɣo /ɣo/ I, me, mine |
| 2nd singular | ɬõ /ɬõ/ you, yours |
| 3rd singular masc | jĩ /jĩ/ he, him, his |
| 3rd singular fem | ɣu /ɣu/ she, her, hers |
| 1st plural | ku /ku/ we, us, ours |
| 2nd plural | sẽ /sə̃/ you (all), yours |
| 3rd plural | ɟe /ɟe/ they, them, theirs |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | ɣo /ɣo/ my |
| 2nd singular | ɬõ /ɬõ/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | jĩ /jĩ/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | ɣu /ɣu/ her |
| 1st plural | ku /ku/ our |
| 2nd plural | ɬõ /ɬõ/ your |
| 3rd plural | ɟe /ɟe/ their |
Verbs
Ingarin uses a standalone particle word for past tense:
| Past | ɬe /ɬɛ/ past particle |
Ingarin uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
| Future | jo /jʊ/ will |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Ingarin uses the word for ‘finish’ boe for the perfect aspect.
Numbers
Ingarin has a base-20 number system:
- 1 – xɪ
- 2 – lɪ̃
- 3 – ɗe
- 4 – lu
- 5 – ɗũː
- 6 – e
- 7 – ku
- 8 – u
- 9 – dõ
- 10 – ʄɪ
- 11 – bome
- 12 – korũː
- 13 – ʄabɪ
- 14 – wẽɣu
- 15 – ʄaba
- 16 – boɬe
- 17 – tɪhɪ̃
- 18 – wẽmũː
- 19 – jomɪ
- 20 – mbẽsɪ̃
- 21 – mbẽsɪ̃xɪ “twenty-one”
- 400 – xɪ rɪɟe “one fourhundred”
- 401 – xɪ rɪɟe xɪ “one fourhundred one”
- 800 – lɪ̃ rɪɟe “two fourhundred”
- 8000 – xɪ koɗo “one eightthousand”
Derivational morphology
- Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɹu
- Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -pũː
- Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ʒɔ
- Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix gæ-
- Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɲɛ
- Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix ta-
- Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɣɔ
- Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Suffix -ʃæ
- Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɲɛ
- Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix lo-
- One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ʄʊ
- Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -põ
- Diminutive = Suffix -põ
- Augmentative = Suffix -ɹu