Outoshi

Natively known as: Outushi /ɒˈʊtuˌʃi/

One of the oldest languages on the continent, Outoshi is also one of the most complicated as it involves affixes based on the relation between speaker and listener. It is the official language of Otakai.

…and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

…jij gidech pra shal køhbi jij zøj shal shok sødde ru so

Pronunciation: /ʤij giˈdeʧ pɾa ʃal køhˈbi ʤij zøj ʃal ʃok sødˈde ɾu so/ 

Outoshi word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind 

Dictionary Translator

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_NtWLcspXr6k2Y1O2W8ONdcPcg3G6JQu/view?usp=sharing

Phonology and Spelling

Consonant inventory: /b d g h j k l m n n̪ p r s t v z ŋ ɣ ɫ ɰ ɾ ʃ ʤ ʧ β/ 

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n n̪			ŋ
Stop	p b		t d			k g
Affricate				ʧ ʤ
Fricative	β	v	s z	ʃ		ɣ	h
Approximant					j	ɰ
Tap			ɾ
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø ɯ/

	Front	Back
High	i y	ɯ u
High-mid	e ø	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ? 

Stress pattern: advanced ? 

Word initial consonants: b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pɾ, s, t, v, z, ɾ, ʃ, ʤ, ʧ 

Mid-word consonants: b, d, dd, dj, dʃ, g, h, hb, hl, ht, hv, j, jd, jg, jl, jm, jn, js, jv, k, kl, ks, kt, kɾ, kʃ, l, ld, lg, lk, lm, ln, ls, lt, lʤ, m, md, ml, mʤ, n, nd, nk, nl, nm, nn, ns, nsl, nt, nɾ, nʤ, n̪j, p, pɫ, pɾ, r, rk, rr, s, sk, sl, st, t, tb, tl, tm, ts, tt, tɾ, tʃ, tʃm, v, vl, z, zd, zg, zl, ŋg, ɣ, ɣm, ɣɾ, ɰl, ɰls, ɾ, ɾb, ɾd, ɾh, ɾk, ɾkl, ɾl, ɾm, ɾt, ɾtʃ, ɾʃ, ʃ, ʃk, ʃl, ʃm, ʃt, ʤ, ʧ, ʧk, ʧm, βg, βl

Word final consonants: h, j, k, l, lm, lp, lt, m, n, ns, p, s, st, t, v, z, ɾ, ɾk, ɾs, ɾt, ʃ, ʃk, ʧ 

Phonological changes (in order of application): ? 

• d → l / #_
• h → w / #_
• n → ŋ / _#
• k → x / V_t

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ŋ	n
ɒ	o
ɣ	jg | ga | j
ɫ	w | ou
ɯ	w
ɰ	v | w
ɾ	r
ʃ	sh
ʊ	u
ʤ#	g
ʤ	j
ʧ	ch | k
β	v

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Grammar

Main word order: Verb-Subject-Object-Oblique. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Opened Mary the door with a key. 

Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun. 

Adposition: prepositions ? 

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine	Neutral	High	Low
Singular	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix kɯ- Else: Prefix de-  deedis /deˈedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix a- Else: Prefix ø-  øedis /øˈedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ha- Else: Prefix sa-  saedis /saˈedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix u- Else: Prefix ur-  uredis /uˈredis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix nu- Else: Prefix bu-  buedis /buˈedis/
Plural	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix i- Else: Prefix ie-  ieedis /iˈeeˌdis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ør- Else: Prefix øt-  øtedis /øˈtedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix e- Else: Prefix e-  eedis /eˈedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ea- Else: Prefix eas-  easedis /eˈaseˌdis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ɜ- Else: Prefix y-  yedis /yˈedis/

Pronouns

Singular	Nominative
Person	High	Equal	Low
1st	velm /velm/	it /it/	sy /sy/
2nd	ech /eʧ/	merk /meɾk/	i /i/
3rd, Masculine	by /by/	dun /dun/	wshk /ɯʃk/
3rd, Feminine	ken /ken/	jwns /jɯns/	hi /hi/
3rd, Neutral	sirk /siɾk/	mish /miʃ/	mis /mis/
Singular	Accusative
Person	High	Equal	Low
1st	kuk /kuʧ/	ert /eɾt/	bun /bun/
2nd	art /aɾt/	ne /ne/	ve /ve/
3rd, Masculine	a /a/	vy /vy/	tu /tu/
3rd, Feminine	ka /ʧa/	pins /pins/	a /a/
3rd, Neutral	siz /siz/	ych /yʧ/	tol /tol/
Plural	Nominative
Person	High	Equal	Low
1st	char /ʧaɾ/	wst /ɯst/	hez /hez/
2nd	is /is/	yv /yv/	art /aɾt/
3rd	e /e/	pik /pik/	prurk /pɾuɾk/
Plural	Accusative
Person	High	Equal	Low
1st	et /et/	jins /ʤins/	tur /tuɾ/
2nd	ja /ja/	ashk /aʃk/	bust /bust/
3rd	a /a/	zø /zø/	mi /mi/

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	gor /goɾ/ the	y /y/ a
Plural	ar /aɾ/ the	ulp /ulp/ some

Possessive determiners

1st singular	bim /bim/ my
2nd singular	prap /pɾap/ your
3rd singular masc	shal /ʃal/ his
3rd singular fem	be /be/ her
1st plural inclusive	zy /zy/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	ilp /ilp/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	tans /tans/ your
3rd plural	øj /øj/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix  sip /sip/ study
Past	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Suffix -a Else: Suffix -i  sipi /siˈpi/ studied
Remote past	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Suffix -oj Else: Suffix -yv  sipyv /siˈpyv/ studied (long ago)
Future	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Suffix -ɯp Else: Suffix -eʃ  sipesh /siˈpeʃ/ will study

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying and habitual actions, such as I study (every night). Outoshi uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Suffix -uh Else: Suffix -ens  sipens /siˈpens/ is studying

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Outoshi uses the word for ‘finish’ endirs for the perfect aspect. 

Numbers

Outoshi has a base-10 number system: 

• 1 – jwk
• 2 – mi
• 3 – ulm
• 4 – koko
• 5 – gi
• 6 – jat
• 7 – ev
• 8 – my
• 9 – torka
• 10 – juh 

Derivational morphology

• Adjective → adverb =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix pa-
  • Else: Prefix hi- 
• Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix a-
  • Else: Prefix i-
• Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ga-
  • Else: Prefix me-
• Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix to-
  • Else: Prefix si- 
• Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ʧu-
  • Else: Prefix ne- 
• Noun → verb (to create [noun]) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix do-
  • Else: Prefix ʧy- 
• Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix du-
  • Else: Prefix bi- 
• Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ɯ-
  • Else: Prefix y- 
• Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix tu-
  • Else: Prefix ly- 
• Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix a-
  • Else: Prefix i- 
• One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ɯ-
  • Else: Prefix i-
• Place of (e.g. wine → winery) =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix u-
  • Else: Prefix i-
• Diminutive =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ga-
  • Else: Prefix ke- 
• Augmentative =
  • If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix a-
  • Else: Prefix i-