{"id":200,"date":"2023-05-14T16:28:58","date_gmt":"2023-05-14T16:28:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/?page_id=200"},"modified":"2023-05-17T17:18:34","modified_gmt":"2023-05-17T17:18:34","slug":"attano","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/attano\/","title":{"rendered":"Attano"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Natively known as: \u01cdt\u01ceno \/\u0251\u02c8t\u0251n\u028a\/<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Attano, also call the King’s Language, is an official language in Bakianna<\/a> and Innarea<\/a> and only taught to those of noble birth. As a language, it follows from Ancient Chealain<\/a> and has no known successors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

…and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

…<\/em>te ro sawi gadh\u01d0 th\u01ce mung\u01d4 te juch\u01ce th\u01ce bini bina ga vaoke<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pronunciation<\/strong>: \/t\u025b \u0279\u028a s\u00e6\u02c8wi \u02c8g\u00e6\u00f0\u026a \u03b8\u0251 \u02c8mu\u014b\u028c t\u025b \u02c8\u02a4u\u02a7\u0251 \u03b8\u0251 \u02c8bini bi\u02c8n\u00e6 g\u00e6 \u02c8va\u028ak\u025b\/\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Attano word order<\/strong>: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dictionary – Coming Soon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Phonology and Spelling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Consonant inventory<\/strong>: \/b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w z \u00f0 \u014b \u0279 \u0283 \u0292 \u02a4 \u02a7 \u03b8\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th>Bilabial<\/th>Labiodental<\/th>Dental<\/th>Alveolar<\/th>Palato-alveolar<\/th>Palatal<\/th>Velar<\/th>Glottal<\/th><\/tr>
Nasal<\/td>m<\/td><\/td><\/td>n<\/td><\/td><\/td>\u014b<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Stop<\/td>p b<\/td><\/td><\/td>t d<\/td><\/td><\/td>k g<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Affricate<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>\u02a7 \u02a4<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Fricative<\/td><\/td>f v<\/td>\u03b8 \u00f0<\/td>s z<\/td>\u0283 \u0292<\/td><\/td><\/td>h<\/td><\/tr>
Approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>\u0279<\/td><\/td>j<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Lateral approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>l<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Co-articulated phonemes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th>Labio-velar<\/th><\/tr>
Approximant<\/td>w<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vowel inventory<\/strong>: \/a\u026a a\u028a e\u026a i u \u00e6 \u0251 \u0254\u026a \u025b \u026a \u028a \u028c\/ Diphthongs<\/strong>: a\u026a, a\u028a, e\u026a, \u0254\u026a ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/th>Front<\/th>Back<\/th><\/tr>
High<\/td>i<\/td>u<\/td><\/tr>
Near-high<\/td>\u026a<\/td>\u028a<\/td><\/tr>
Low-mid<\/td>\u025b<\/td>\u028c<\/td><\/tr>
Near-low<\/td>\u00e6<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Low<\/td><\/td>\u0251<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Syllable structure<\/strong>: (C)V ?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stress pattern<\/strong>: No fixed stress ?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word initial consonants<\/strong>: b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, w, z, \u0279, \u0283, \u0292, \u02a4, \u02a7, \u03b8\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mid-word consonants<\/strong>: b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, w, z, \u00f0, \u014b, \u0279, \u0283, \u0292, \u02a4, \u02a7, \u03b8\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word final consonants<\/strong>: N\/A\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phonological changes (in order of application)<\/strong>: ?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • h \u2192 \u00d8 \/ V_<\/li>
  • i \u2192 e \/ _k#<\/li>
  • P \u2192 p \/ l_<\/li>
  • w \u2192 \u00d8 \/ #_<\/li>
  • v \u2192 w \/ #_<\/li>
  • \u025b \u2192 \u0131\u0303 \/ S_#<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Spelling rules<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pronunciation<\/th>Spelling<\/th><\/tr>
    a\u026a<\/td>ie<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    a\u028a<\/td>ou<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    e\u026a<\/td>ay<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    j<\/td>y<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u00e6<\/td>a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u00f0<\/td>dh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u014b<\/td>ng<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0251<\/td>\u01ce<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0254\u026a<\/td>oi<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u025b<\/td>e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u026a<\/td>\u01d0<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0279<\/td>r<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0283<\/td>sh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u028a<\/td>o<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u028c<\/td>\u01d4<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0292<\/td>zh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a4<\/td>j<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a7<\/td>ch<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    \u03b8<\/td>th<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    Grammar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Main word order<\/strong>: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into\u00a0Mary opened the door with a key<\/em>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adjective order<\/strong>: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adposition<\/strong>: prepositions ?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Singular<\/strong><\/td>No affix\u00a0
    kuw\u01ce<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u02c8kuw\u0251\/\u00a0dog<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Plural<\/strong><\/td>Prefix w\u028a-\u00a0
    wokuw\u01ce<\/strong>\u00a0\/w\u028a\u02c8kuw\u0251\/\u00a0dogs<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Articles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    <\/th>Definite<\/th>Indefinite<\/th><\/tr>
    Singular<\/strong><\/td>ki<\/strong> \/ki\/ the<\/em><\/td>i<\/strong> \/i\/ a<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Plural<\/strong><\/td>fo<\/strong> \/f\u028a\/ the<\/em><\/td>du<\/strong> \/du\/ some<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Pronouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    1st singular<\/strong><\/td>wa\u01d0<\/strong> \/wa\u026a\/ I, me, mine<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>ku<\/strong> \/ku\/ you, yours<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td>ro<\/strong> \/\u0279\u028a\/ he, him, his<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td>ch\u01d0<\/strong> \/\u02a7\u026a\/ she, her, hers<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    1st plural inclusive<\/strong><\/td>pao<\/strong> \/pa\u028a\/ we, us, ours (including you)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    1st plural exclusive<\/strong><\/td>ki<\/strong> \/ki\/ we, us, ours (excluding you)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>\u01ce<\/strong> \/\u0251\/ you (all), yours<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd plural<\/strong><\/td>ch\u01ce<\/strong> \/\u02a7\u0251\/ they, them, theirs<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Possessive determiners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    1st singular<\/strong><\/td>va\u01d0<\/strong> \/va\u026a\/ my<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>\u01d0<\/strong> \/\u026a\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td>th\u01ce<\/strong> \/\u03b8\u0251\/ his<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td>\u01ce<\/strong> \/\u0251\/ her<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    1st plural inclusive<\/strong><\/td>la<\/strong> \/l\u00e6\/ our (including you)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    1st plural exclusive<\/strong><\/td>m\u0254\u01d0<\/strong> \/m\u0254\u026a\/ our (excluding you)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>fe\u01d0<\/strong> \/fe\u026a\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd plural<\/strong><\/td>be<\/strong> \/b\u025b\/ their<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Verbs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Present<\/strong><\/td>No affix\u00a0
    he\u01d0f\u01d0<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u02c8he\u026af\u026a\/\u00a0study<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Past<\/strong><\/td>Prefix l\u00e6-\u00a0
    lahe\u01d0f\u01d0<\/strong>\u00a0\/l\u00e6he\u026a\u02c8f\u026a\/\u00a0studied<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Remote past<\/strong><\/td>Prefix z\u0251-\u00a0
    z\u01cehe\u01d0f\u01d0<\/strong>\u00a0\/z\u0251\u02c8he\u026af\u026a\/\u00a0studied (long ago)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Future<\/strong><\/td>Prefix s\u00e6-\u00a0
    sahe\u01d0f\u01d0<\/strong>\u00a0\/s\u00e6\u02c8he\u026af\u026a\/\u00a0will study<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Imperfective aspect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The \u2018imperfective\u2019 aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as\u00a0I am studying<\/em>\u00a0and habitual actions, such as\u00a0I study (every night)<\/em>. Attano uses an affix for imperfective:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Imperfective<\/strong><\/td>Prefix s\u0251-\u00a0
    s\u01cehe\u01d0f\u01d0<\/strong>\u00a0\/s\u0251\u02c8he\u026af\u026a\/\u00a0is studying<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Perfect aspect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in \u2018I have read this book\u2019, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Attano uses the word for \u2018finish\u2019 sa\u01ce for the perfect aspect.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u00a0Attano has a base-20 number system:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n