{"id":202,"date":"2023-05-14T16:29:08","date_gmt":"2023-05-14T16:29:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/?page_id=202"},"modified":"2024-08-02T13:09:08","modified_gmt":"2024-08-02T13:09:08","slug":"etosa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/etosa\/","title":{"rendered":"Etosa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Natively known as: It\u0259\u028as\u00e1 \/\u02c8it\u0259\u02cc\u028as\u0251\/<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

This language traditionally was broken into multiple dialects within the northeastern region of the continent, with some influenced by Ingarin and Eyun, languages of neighboring peoples, while others grew more unique with isolation within the islands. Over the past millennia, it slowly gathered into a more centralized and cohesive language. It is an official language in Chiyan<\/a>, Cinan Islands<\/a>, Mienkola<\/a>, and Relki<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

…<\/em>e \u1e93i \u1e93i \u00efj\u0301 mim vadz e ik shyoj \u1e93i \u1e37awj\u0301 snuchyh g\u0153\u0155<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pronunciation<\/strong>: \/\u025b \u0290i \u0290i \u026a\u025f mim va\u02a3 \u025b ik \u00e7jo\u02a4 \u0290i \u026d\u0254\u025f snu\u02a7 g\u0153\u027e\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Etosa word order<\/strong>: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dictionary – Coming Soon!<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Phonology and Spelling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Consonant inventory<\/strong>: \/b c d g j k l m n p q r s t v z \u00e7 \u014b \u0256 \u025f \u0262 \u026d \u0271 \u0272 \u0273 \u027b \u027e \u0282 \u0288 \u0290 \u0294 \u02a3 \u02a4 \u02a6 \u02a7 \u03b8\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th>Bilabial<\/th>Labiodental<\/th>Dental<\/th>Alveolar<\/th>Palato-alveolar<\/th>Retroflex<\/th>Palatal<\/th>Velar<\/th>Uvular<\/th>Glottal<\/th><\/tr>
Nasal<\/td>m<\/td>\u0271<\/td><\/td>n<\/td><\/td>\u0273<\/td>\u0272<\/td>\u014b<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Stop<\/td>p b<\/td><\/td><\/td>t d<\/td><\/td>\u0288 \u0256<\/td>c \u025f<\/td>k g<\/td>q \u0262<\/td>\u0294<\/td><\/tr>
Affricate<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>\u02a6 \u02a3<\/td>\u02a7 \u02a4<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Fricative<\/td><\/td>v<\/td>\u03b8<\/td>s z<\/td><\/td>\u0282 \u0290<\/td>\u00e7<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>\u027b<\/td>j<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Tap<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>\u027e<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Trill<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>r<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Lateral approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>l<\/td><\/td>\u026d<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vowel inventory<\/strong>: \/a i o u \u00e6 \u0153 \u0250 \u0251 \u0254 \u025b \u026a\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/th>Front<\/th>Central<\/th>Back<\/th><\/tr>
High<\/td>i<\/td><\/td>u<\/td><\/tr>
Near-high<\/td>\u026a<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
High-mid<\/td><\/td><\/td>o<\/td><\/tr>
Low-mid<\/td>\u025b \u0153<\/td><\/td>\u0254<\/td><\/tr>
Near-low<\/td>\u00e6<\/td>\u0250<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Low<\/td>a<\/td><\/td>\u0251<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Syllable structure<\/strong>: (C)(C)V(C) ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stress pattern<\/strong>: advanced ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word initial consonants<\/strong>: b, br, c, d, dr, dz, g, gr, g\u027e, j, ks, kv, l, lj, m, mb, mj, ml, mp, n, nj, nt, pj, pl, pr, p\u00e7, q, s, sj, sm, sn, t, tj, tr, ts, tv, v, vn, v\u027e, z, zl, zn, zr, \u00e7j, \u025f, \u0262, \u026d, \u0271, \u0272j, \u0273, \u027b, \u027e, \u0282, \u0288, \u0290, \u0294, \u02a3, \u02a4d, \u02a4j, \u02a6, \u02a7l, \u03b8, \u03b8l <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mid-word consonants<\/strong>: b, bb, bd, br, bt, bz, b\u027e, c, cs, ct, d, dd, dg, dl, dn, ds, dt, d\u0272, d\u027e, d\u02a4, g, gb, gd, gj, gm, gr, j, jd, jj, jk, jn, jr, jt, jv, k, kd, kj, kk, kl, kn, kr, ks, kt, k\u00e7, k\u02a6, l, lb, lc, ld, lg, lj, lk, ll, lm, ls, lv, l\u025f, l\u0272, l\u02a4, l\u02a7, l\u03b8, m, md, mg, mj, mm, mp, ms, mv, m\u027e, m\u0294, m\u02a4, m\u02a7, n, nb, nr, nt, nv, nz, n\u0272, n\u0282, n\u02a6, p, pj, pl, pt, pv, pz, q, qd, qq, r, rb, rj, rk, rm, rp, rr, rt, rv, r\u00e7, r\u02a4, r\u02a6, r\u02a7, s, sb, sl, sn, st, sv, sz, s\u00e7, s\u0288, s\u0294, s\u02a7, t, td, tg, tk, tn, tp, tr, ts, tt, tz, t\u0294, t\u02a4, t\u02a7, v, vd, vg, vr, v\u0272, z, zg, zj, zk, zm, zp, zz, z\u025f, \u00e7, \u00e7l, \u00e7t, \u014b, \u014bb, \u014bd, \u014bg, \u014bj, \u014bk, \u014bl, \u014bp, \u014bs, \u014bz, \u014b\u02a6, \u0256, \u025f, \u025fl, \u025fn, \u025fr, \u0262, \u026d, \u026db, \u026dd, \u026dg, \u026dk, \u026ds, \u026d\u026d, \u0271, \u0272, \u0272b, \u0272j, \u0272t, \u0272z, \u0272\u0272, \u0273, \u027b, \u027bn, \u027e, \u027ed, \u027el, \u027en, \u027es, \u027et, \u0282, \u0282l, \u0282t, \u0282\u0288, \u0288, \u0288\u0282, \u0290, \u0290n, \u0294, \u0294d, \u0294m, \u0294\u027e, \u02a3, \u02a4, \u02a4l, \u02a4m, \u02a4r, \u02a4t, \u02a6, \u02a6k, \u02a6n, \u02a6r, \u02a6s, \u02a6\u00e7, \u02a7, \u02a7k, \u03b8, \u03b8d, \u03b8l <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word final consonants<\/strong>: b, d, g, k, l, m, n, p, q, s, t, \u00e7, \u014b, \u0256, \u025f, \u0262, \u026d, \u0271, \u0273, \u027b, \u027e, \u0282, \u0288, \u0290, \u02a3, \u02a4, \u02a7, \u03b8 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phonological changes (in order of application)<\/strong>: ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • \u0294 \u2192 \u00d8 \/ C_<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Spelling rules<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pronunciation<\/th>Spelling<\/th><\/tr>
    c<\/td>chy<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    j<\/td>y<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    t\u0282<\/td>ts<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u00e7<\/td>sh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u014b<\/td>ng<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0250<\/td>\u00e4<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0251<\/td>\u00e1<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0254<\/td>aw<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0256<\/td>\u1e0d<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u025b<\/td>e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u025f<\/td>j\u0301<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0262<\/td>\u01f5<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u026a<\/td>\u00ef<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u026d<\/td>\u1e37<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0271<\/td>\u1e3f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0272<\/td>ny<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0273<\/td>\u1e47<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u027b<\/td>r\u0300<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u027e<\/td>\u0155<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0282<\/td>\u1e63<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0288<\/td>\u1e6d<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0290<\/td>\u1e93<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0294<\/td>\u02bb<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a3<\/td>dz<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a4<\/td>j<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a6<\/td>ts<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a7<\/td>ch<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u03b8<\/td>th<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    Grammar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Main word order<\/strong>: Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adjective order<\/strong>: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adposition<\/strong>: postpositions ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

     Nouns have two cases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Nominative<\/strong> is the doer of a verb: dog<\/strong> bites man.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Accusative<\/strong> is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

       Nouns form plural with separate plural word:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Plural<\/strong><\/td>a<\/strong> \/a\/ plural particle<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      Nominative<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
      awzpi\u1e3f<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u0254zpi\u0271\/ dog (doing the verb)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      Accusative<\/strong><\/td>Suffix -as 
      awzpi\u1e3fas<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u0254zpi\u0271as\/ (verb done to) dog<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Articles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>Definite<\/th>Indefinite<\/th><\/tr>
      Singular<\/strong><\/td>z\u00e6<\/strong> \/z\u00e6\/ the<\/em><\/td>awp<\/strong> \/\u0254p\/ a<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      Plural<\/strong><\/td>u<\/strong> \/u\/ the<\/em><\/td>mb\u00ef<\/strong> \/mb\u026a\/ some<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Pronouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>Nominative<\/th>Accusative<\/th><\/tr>
      1st singular<\/strong><\/td>b\u00e6<\/strong> \/b\u00e6\/ I<\/em><\/td>ol<\/strong> \/ol\/ me<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>\u1e47\u0153<\/strong> \/\u0273\u0153\/ you<\/em><\/td>\u02bbu<\/strong> \/\u0294u\/ you<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td>\u1e93i<\/strong> \/\u0290i\/ he<\/em><\/td>b\u00e4l<\/strong> \/b\u0250l\/ him<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td>mpi<\/strong> \/mpi\/ she<\/em><\/td>e<\/strong> \/\u025b\/ her<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      1st plural<\/strong><\/td>\u1e37\u00ef<\/strong> \/\u026d\u026a\/ we<\/em><\/td>gr\u0153<\/strong> \/gr\u0153\/ us<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>myu<\/strong> \/mju\/ you (all)<\/em><\/td>nyi<\/strong> \/nji\/ you (all)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd plural masc<\/strong><\/td>i<\/strong> \/i\/ they<\/em><\/td>\u1e6du<\/strong> \/\u0288u\/ them<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd plural fem<\/strong><\/td>nyye<\/strong> \/\u0272j\u025b\/ they<\/em><\/td>kve<\/strong> \/kv\u025b\/ them<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Possessive determiners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      1st singular<\/strong><\/td>b\u00e6<\/strong> \/b\u00e6\/ my<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>\u1e47\u0153<\/strong> \/\u0273\u0153\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td>\u1e93i<\/strong> \/\u0290i\/ his<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td>mpi<\/strong> \/mpi\/ her<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      1st plural<\/strong><\/td>\u1e37\u00ef<\/strong> \/\u026d\u026a\/ our<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>\u1e47\u0153<\/strong> \/\u0273\u0153\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd plural masc<\/strong><\/td>i<\/strong> \/i\/ their<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd plural fem<\/strong><\/td>i<\/strong> \/i\/ their<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Verbs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>Present<\/th>Past<\/th>Future<\/th><\/tr>
      Masculine<\/strong><\/td>If ends with vowel: Suffix -\u02a7
      Else: Suffix -\u0251\u02a7 
      ek\u00e1chyh<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02a7\/<\/td>      		Suffix -i\u014b 
      ek\u00e1ing<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251i\u014b\/<\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -\u0262
      Else: Suffix -u\u0262 
      ek\u00e1\u01f5<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u0262\/<\/td><\/tr>
      Feminine<\/strong><\/td>Suffix -\u026ag 
      ek\u00e1\u00efg<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u026ag\/<\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -l\u0272\u0251
      Else: Suffix -al\u0272\u0251 
      ek\u00e1lny\u00e1<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251l\u0272\u0251\/<\/td>      		Suffix -i 
      ek\u00e1i<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251i\/<\/td><\/tr>
      Neutral<\/strong><\/td>Suffix -\u00e6t 
      ek\u00e1\u00e6t<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u00e6t\/<\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -\u027b
      Else: Suffix -\u026a\u027b 
      ek\u00e1r\u0300<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u027b\/<\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -\u03b8
      Else: Suffix -\u0254\u03b8 
      ek\u00e1th<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u03b8\/<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Perfect aspect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in \u2018I have read this book\u2019, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Etosa uses the word for \u2018finish\u2019 zr\u00e6s for the perfect aspect. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Etosa has a base-10 number system: <\/p>\n\n\n\n