{"id":203,"date":"2023-05-14T16:29:14","date_gmt":"2023-05-14T16:29:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/?page_id=203"},"modified":"2024-08-02T12:15:19","modified_gmt":"2024-08-02T12:15:19","slug":"eyun","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/eyun\/","title":{"rendered":"Eyun"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Natively known as: Iu\u028cn \/iu\u02c8\u028cn\/<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Eyun developed primarily around the Plains Valley and is the traditional language of the Bainren. It is the official language of Bain’nard<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

…<\/em>vot sod \u00e1 yeddil \u00e1t \u00e1yni vot \u00e1 nanl\u00e6g b\u00e1sve sev li k\u00e6ds\u00e6<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pronunciation<\/strong>: \/vot sod \u0251 jed\u02c8dil \u0251t \u0251j\u02c8ni vot \u0251 \u02c8nanl\u00e6g b\u0251s\u02c8ve sev li k\u00e6d\u02c8s\u00e6\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eyun word order<\/strong>: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phonology and Spelling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Consonant inventory<\/strong>: \/b d g j k l n r s t v \u0283\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th>Bilabial<\/th>Labiodental<\/th>Alveolar<\/th>Palato-alveolar<\/th>Palatal<\/th>Velar<\/th><\/tr>
Nasal<\/td><\/td><\/td>n<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Stop<\/td>b<\/td><\/td>t d<\/td><\/td><\/td>k g<\/td><\/tr>
Fricative<\/td><\/td>v<\/td>s<\/td>\u0283<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>j<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Trill<\/td><\/td><\/td>r<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Lateral approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td>l<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vowel inventory<\/strong>: \/a e i o \u00e6 \u0251 \u0254 \u025c\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/th>Front<\/th>Central<\/th>Back<\/th><\/tr>
High<\/td>i<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
High-mid<\/td>e<\/td><\/td>o<\/td><\/tr>
Low-mid<\/td><\/td>\u025c<\/td>\u0254<\/td><\/tr>
Near-low<\/td>\u00e6<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Low<\/td>a<\/td><\/td>\u0251<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Syllable structure<\/strong>: Custom defined ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stress pattern<\/strong>: No fixed stress ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word initial consonants<\/strong>: b, d, j, k, l, n, r, s, t, v, \u0283 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mid-word consonants<\/strong>: b, bb, bn, bv, d, dd, dg, dj, dn, ds, dt, g, gb, gg, gj, gk, gv, j, jb, jj, jk, jn, jv, k, kb, kr, l, ld, lg, ll, lr, ls, lt, n, nk, nl, nn, nr, ns, r, rd, rk, rl, rn, rr, rs, rt, r\u0283, s, sb, sg, sj, sl, sn, sr, ss, st, sv, t, tb, tl, ts, tv, t\u0283, v, vg, vl, vr, vv, \u0283, \u0283j, \u0283k <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word final consonants<\/strong>: b, d, g, k, l, s, t, v <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phonological changes (in order of application)<\/strong>: ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • b \u2192 \u03b2 \/ V_V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Spelling rules<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pronunciation<\/th>Spelling<\/th><\/tr>
    j<\/td>y<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0251<\/td>\u00e1<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0254<\/td>aw<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u025c<\/td>u<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0283<\/td>sh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    Grammar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Main word order<\/strong>: Subject-Object-Oblique-Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adjective order<\/strong>: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adposition<\/strong>: postpositions ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

     Nouns have three cases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Ergative<\/strong> is the doer of a verb: dog<\/strong> bites man. However, the ergative affix is only applied if there is an absolutive in the sentence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Absolutive<\/strong> is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Genitive<\/strong> is the possessor of something: dog\u2019s<\/strong> tail hits man.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      Ergative<\/strong><\/td>Suffix -a 
      shawba<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u0283\u0254ba\/ dog (doing the verb to something)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      Absolutive<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
      shawb<\/strong> \/\u0283\u0254b\/ dog (doing the verb not to something)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      Genitive<\/strong><\/td>If ends with vowel: Suffix -nsa
      Else: Suffix -\u0254nsa 
      shawbawnsa<\/strong> \/\u0283\u0254b\u0254n\u02c8sa\/ dog\u02bcs<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      Singular<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
      shawb<\/strong> \/\u0283\u0254b\/ dog<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      Plural<\/strong><\/td>If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
      Else: Suffix -\u0251k 
      shawb\u00e1k<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u0283\u0254b\u0251k\/ dogs<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Articles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      Definite<\/strong><\/td>na<\/strong> \/na\/ the<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      Indefinite<\/strong><\/td>yaw<\/strong> \/j\u0254\/ a, some<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Pronouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>Ergative<\/th>Absolutive<\/th>Genitive<\/th><\/tr>
      1st singular<\/strong><\/td>ru<\/strong> \/r\u025c\/ I<\/em><\/td>vek<\/strong> \/vek\/ me, I<\/em><\/td>ke<\/strong> \/ke\/ mine<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>vaw<\/strong> \/v\u0254\/ you<\/em><\/td>k\u00e1<\/strong> \/k\u0251\/ you<\/em><\/td>tu<\/strong> \/t\u025c\/ yours<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd singular<\/strong><\/td>sod<\/strong> \/sod\/ he, she, it<\/em><\/td>b\u00e6<\/strong> \/b\u00e6\/ him, her, it, he, she<\/em><\/td>ta<\/strong> \/ta\/ his, hers, its<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      1st plural<\/strong><\/td>\u00e6<\/strong> \/\u00e6\/ we<\/em><\/td>ve<\/strong> \/ve\/ us, we<\/em><\/td>ra<\/strong> \/ra\/ ours<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>sh\u00e1<\/strong> \/\u0283\u0251\/ you (all)<\/em><\/td>saw<\/strong> \/s\u0254\/ you (all)<\/em><\/td>na<\/strong> \/na\/ yours<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd plural<\/strong><\/td>yu<\/strong> \/j\u025c\/ they<\/em><\/td>\u00e1<\/strong> \/\u0251\/ them, they<\/em><\/td>bu<\/strong> \/b\u025c\/ theirs<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Possessive determiners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      1st singular<\/strong><\/td>l\u00e1<\/strong> \/l\u0251\/ my<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>\u00e6<\/strong> \/\u00e6\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd singular<\/strong><\/td>\u00e1<\/strong> \/\u0251\/ his, her, its<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      1st plural<\/strong><\/td>id<\/strong> \/id\/ our<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>ag<\/strong> \/ag\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd plural<\/strong><\/td>vaw<\/strong> \/v\u0254\/ their<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Verbs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>Present<\/th>Past<\/th>Remote past<\/th><\/tr>
      1st singular<\/strong><\/td>Suffix -i 
      dovudi<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cdi\/ (I) study<\/em><\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -b
      Else: Suffix -ab 
      dovudab<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cdab\/ (I) studied<\/em><\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -d\u0251
      Else: Suffix -\u025cd\u0251 
      dovudud\u00e1<\/strong> \/\u02ccdov\u025c\u02c8d\u025cd\u0251\/ (I) studied (long ago)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
      dovud<\/strong> \/\u02c8dov\u025cd\/ (you) study<\/em><\/td>      		Suffix -\u00e6 
      dovud\u00e6<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cd\u00e6\/ (you) studied<\/em><\/td>      		Suffix -is 
      dovudis<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cdis\/ (you) studied (long ago)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd singular<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
      dovud<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cd\/ (he\/she\/it) studies<\/em><\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
      Else: Suffix -\u0254d 
      dovudawd<\/strong> \/dov\u025c\u02c8d\u0254d\/ (he\/she\/it) studied<\/em><\/td>      		Suffix -a 
      dovuda<\/strong> \/dov\u025c\u02c8da\/ (he\/she\/it) studied (long ago)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      1st plural<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
      dovud<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cd\/ (we) study<\/em><\/td>      		Suffix -\u0254s 
      dovudaws<\/strong> \/dov\u025c\u02c8d\u0254s\/ (we) studied<\/em><\/td>      		Suffix -\u0251 
      dovud\u00e1<\/strong> \/dov\u025c\u02c8d\u0251\/ (we) studied (long ago)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
      Else: Suffix -\u025cd 
      dovudud<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cd\u025cd\/ (you all) study<\/em><\/td>      		Suffix -\u0254 
      dovudaw<\/strong> \/dov\u025c\u02c8d\u0254\/ (you all) studied<\/em><\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
      Else: Suffix -od 
      dovudod<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cdod\/ (you all) studied (long ago)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
      3rd plural<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
      dovud<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cd\/ (they) study<\/em><\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -b
      Else: Suffix -\u00e6b 
      dovud\u00e6b<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cd\u00e6b\/ (they) studied<\/em><\/td>      		If ends with vowel: Suffix -g
      Else: Suffix -\u00e6g 
      dovud\u00e6g<\/strong> \/do\u02c8v\u025cd\u00e6g\/ (they) studied (long ago)<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Eyun uses a standalone particle word for future tense:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Future<\/strong><\/td>\u00e1<\/strong> \/\u0251\/ will<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Perfect aspect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in \u2018I have read this book\u2019, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Eyun uses the word for \u2018finish\u2019 d\u00e1dga for the perfect aspect. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Eyun has a base-20 number system: <\/p>\n\n\n\n