{"id":205,"date":"2023-05-14T16:29:29","date_gmt":"2023-05-14T16:29:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/?page_id=205"},"modified":"2023-05-17T17:43:01","modified_gmt":"2023-05-17T17:43:01","slug":"ingarin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/ingarin\/","title":{"rendered":"Ingarin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Natively known as: Ingar\u026an \/\u02c8inga\u0279in\/<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The language of the Wolntareans, this has survived through tremendous efforts during the Cheala Empire, when it was nearly eradicated. It is the official language of <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wolntare\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"177\">Wolntare<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8230;and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8230;<\/em><strong>ke j\u0129 r\u026at\u026a mb\u00f5 j\u0129 w\u1ebdgo ke n\u026a\u0303 j\u0129 r\u026adoa noxe bome re<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pronunciation<\/strong>: \/ke j\u0129 \u02c8r\u026ati mb\u028a\u0303 j\u0129 \u02c8w\u0259\u0303g\u028a ke n\u0129 j\u0129 \u02c8r\u026ad\u0254\u0251 \u02c8noxe \u02c8\u0253om\u0259 re\/\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ingarin word order<\/strong>: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dictionary &#8211; Coming Soon!<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phonology and Spelling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Consonant inventory<\/strong>: \/b c d g h j k l m mb n nd p r s t w x \u014b \u0253 \u0257 \u025f \u0263 \u026c \u0272 \u0279 \u0283 \u0284 \u0292\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes has-small-font-size\"><table><tbody><tr><th>\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th><th>Bilabial<\/th><th>Alveolar<\/th><th>Palato-alveolar<\/th><th>Palatal<\/th><th>Velar<\/th><th>Glottal<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Nasal<\/td><td>m<\/td><td>n<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u0272<\/td><td>\u014b<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prenasalized stop<\/td><td>mb<\/td><td>nd<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Stop<\/td><td>p b<\/td><td>t d<\/td><td><\/td><td>c \u025f<\/td><td>k g<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Implosive<\/td><td>\u0253<\/td><td>\u0257<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u0284<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fricative<\/td><td><\/td><td>s<\/td><td>\u0283 \u0292<\/td><td><\/td><td>x \u0263<\/td><td>h<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approximant<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u0279<\/td><td><\/td><td>j<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trill<\/td><td><\/td><td>r<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lateral fricative<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u026c<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lateral approximant<\/td><td><\/td><td>l<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Co-articulated phonemes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes has-small-font-size\"><table><tbody><tr><th>\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th><th>Labio-velar<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Approximant<\/td><td>w<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vowel inventory<\/strong>: \/a e \u1ebd i \u0129 o \u00f5 u \u0169\u02d0 \u00e6 \u0251 \u0254 \u0259 \u0259\u0303 \u025b \u026a \u026a\u0303 \u028a \u028a\u0303\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes has-small-font-size\"><table><tbody><tr><th><\/th><th>Front<\/th><th>Central<\/th><th>Back<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>High<\/td><td>i \u0129<\/td><td><\/td><td>u \u0169\u02d0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Near-high<\/td><td>\u026a\u0303 \u026a<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u028a \u028a\u0303<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>High-mid<\/td><td>e \u1ebd<\/td><td><\/td><td>o \u00f5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mid<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u0259 \u0259\u0303<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Low-mid<\/td><td>\u025b<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u0254<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Near-low<\/td><td>\u00e6<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Low<\/td><td>a<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u0251<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Syllable structure<\/strong>: Custom defined ?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Stress pattern<\/strong>: Initial \u2014 stress is on the first syllable ?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Word initial consonants<\/strong>: b, c, d, g, j, k, l, mb, n, nd, r, s, t, w, x, \u0253, \u0257, \u025f, \u0263, \u026c, \u0272, \u0279, \u0283, \u0284, \u0292\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mid-word consonants<\/strong>: b, c, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, mb, n, nd, p, r, s, t, w, x, \u014b, \u0253, \u0257, \u025f, \u0263, \u026c, \u0272, \u0279, \u0283, \u0284, \u0292\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Word final consonants<\/strong>: N\/A\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Phonological changes (in order of application)<\/strong>: ?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>j \u2192 \u02a4 \/ V_V<\/li><li>t \u2192 s \/ _{n,m}<\/li><li>d \u2192 t \/ _{l,r}<\/li><li>\u014b \u2192 \u0272 \/ _{i,e}<\/li><li>n \u2192 \u00d8 \/ _s<\/li><li>e \u2192 a \/ _#<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Spelling rules<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><th>Pronunciation<\/th><th>Spelling<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>i<\/td><td><strong>\u026a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00e6<\/td><td><strong>a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u014b<\/td><td><strong>n<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0251<\/td><td><strong>a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0253<\/td><td><strong>b<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0254<\/td><td><strong>o<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0259<\/td><td><strong>e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u025b<\/td><td><strong>e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0272<\/td><td><strong>n<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0279<\/td><td><strong>r<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0283<\/td><td><strong>sh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u028a<\/td><td><strong>o<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grammar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Main word order<\/strong>: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. &#8220;Mary opened the door with a key&#8221; turns into\u00a0<em>Mary opened the door with a key<\/em>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Adjective order<\/strong>: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Adposition<\/strong>: postpositions ?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/td><td>No affix\u00a0<br><strong>lon\u026a\u0303<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u02c8lon\u0129\/\u00a0<em>dog<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/td><td>Prefix g\u0251-\u00a0<br><strong>galon\u026a\u0303<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u02c8g\u0251lon\u0129\/\u00a0<em>dogs<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Articles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Ingarin has no definite article \u2018the\u2019, or indefinite article \u2018a\u2019.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pronouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>1st singular<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0263o<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u0263o\/&nbsp;<em>I, me, mine<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2nd singular<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u026c\u00f5<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u026c\u00f5\/&nbsp;<em>you, yours<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>j\u0129<\/strong>&nbsp;\/j\u0129\/&nbsp;<em>he, him, his<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0263u<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u0263u\/&nbsp;<em>she, her, hers<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1st plural<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ku<\/strong>&nbsp;\/ku\/&nbsp;<em>we, us, ours<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2nd plural<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>s\u1ebd<\/strong>&nbsp;\/s\u0259\u0303\/&nbsp;<em>you (all), yours<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3rd plural<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u025fe<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u025fe\/&nbsp;<em>they, them, theirs<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Possessive determiners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>1st singular<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0263o<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u0263o\/&nbsp;<em>my<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2nd singular<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u026c\u00f5<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u026c\u00f5\/&nbsp;<em>your<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>j\u0129<\/strong>&nbsp;\/j\u0129\/&nbsp;<em>his<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0263u<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u0263u\/&nbsp;<em>her<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1st plural<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ku<\/strong>&nbsp;\/ku\/&nbsp;<em>our<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2nd plural<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u026c\u00f5<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u026c\u00f5\/&nbsp;<em>your<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3rd plural<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u025fe<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u025fe\/&nbsp;<em>their<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verbs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Ingarin uses a standalone particle word for past tense:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Past<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u026ce<\/strong>&nbsp;\/\u026c\u025b\/&nbsp;<em>past particle<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ingarin uses a standalone particle word for future tense:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Future<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>jo<\/strong>&nbsp;\/j\u028a\/&nbsp;<em>will<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Perfect aspect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in \u2018I have read this book\u2019, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Ingarin uses the word for \u2018finish\u2019 boe for the perfect aspect.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ingarin has a base-20 number system:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1 &#8211; x\u026a\u00a0<\/li><li>2 &#8211; l\u026a\u0303\u00a0<\/li><li>3 &#8211; \u0257e\u00a0<\/li><li>4 &#8211; lu\u00a0<\/li><li>5 &#8211; \u0257\u0169\u02d0\u00a0<\/li><li>6 &#8211; e\u00a0<\/li><li>7 &#8211; ku\u00a0<\/li><li>8 &#8211; u\u00a0<\/li><li>9 &#8211; d\u00f5\u00a0<\/li><li>10 &#8211; \u0284\u026a\u00a0<\/li><li>11 &#8211; bome\u00a0<\/li><li>12 &#8211; kor\u0169\u02d0\u00a0<\/li><li>13 &#8211; \u0284ab\u026a\u00a0<\/li><li>14 &#8211; w\u1ebd\u0263u\u00a0<\/li><li>15 &#8211; \u0284aba\u00a0<\/li><li>16 &#8211; bo\u026ce\u00a0<\/li><li>17 &#8211; t\u026ah\u026a\u0303\u00a0<\/li><li>18 &#8211; w\u1ebdm\u0169\u02d0\u00a0<\/li><li>19 &#8211; jom\u026a\u00a0<\/li><li>20 &#8211; mb\u1ebds\u026a\u0303\u00a0<\/li><li>21 &#8211; mb\u1ebds\u026a\u0303x\u026a \u201ctwenty-one\u201d\u00a0<\/li><li>400 &#8211; x\u026a r\u026a\u025fe \u201cone fourhundred\u201d\u00a0<\/li><li>401 &#8211; x\u026a r\u026a\u025fe x\u026a \u201cone fourhundred one\u201d\u00a0<\/li><li>800 &#8211; l\u026a\u0303 r\u026a\u025fe \u201ctwo fourhundred\u201d\u00a0<\/li><li>8000 &#8211; x\u026a ko\u0257o \u201cone eightthousand\u201d\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Derivational morphology<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Adjective \u2192 adverb<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -\u0279u\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Adjective \u2192 noun (the quality of being [adj])<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -p\u0169\u02d0\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Adjective \u2192 verb (to make something [adj])<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -\u0292\u0254<\/li><li><strong>Noun \u2192 adjective (having the quality of [noun])<\/strong>\u00a0= Prefix g\u00e6-<\/li><li><strong>Noun \u2192 adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy \u2192 economic)<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -\u0272\u025b\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Noun \u2192 verb (to create [noun])<\/strong>\u00a0= Prefix ta-\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Verb \u2192 adjective (result of doing [verb])<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -\u0263\u0254\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Verb \u2192 adjective (likely to do [verb])<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -\u0283\u00e6\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Verb \u2192 noun (the act of [verb])<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -\u0272\u025b\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Verb \u2192 noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build \u2192 building)<\/strong>\u00a0= Prefix lo-\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>One who [verb]s (e.g. paint \u2192 painter)<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -\u0284\u028a\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Place of (e.g. wine \u2192 winery)<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -p\u00f5\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Diminutive<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -p\u00f5\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Augmentative<\/strong>\u00a0= Suffix -\u0279u<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Natively known as: Ingar\u026an \/\u02c8inga\u0279in\/ The language of the Wolntareans, this has survived through tremendous efforts during the Cheala Empire, when it was nearly eradicated. It is the official language of Wolntare. &#8230;and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind &#8230;ke j\u0129 r\u026at\u026a mb\u00f5 j\u0129 w\u1ebdgo ke n\u026a\u0303 j\u0129&hellip; <span class=\"kuorinka-read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/ingarin\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Ingarin<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1168,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-205","page","type-page","status-publish","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1168"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=205"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1701,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/205\/revisions\/1701"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}