{"id":214,"date":"2023-05-14T16:29:57","date_gmt":"2023-05-14T16:29:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/?page_id=214"},"modified":"2023-06-28T21:40:57","modified_gmt":"2023-06-28T21:40:57","slug":"outoshi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/outoshi\/","title":{"rendered":"Outoshi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Natively known as: Outushi \/\u0252\u02c8\u028atu\u02cc\u0283i\/<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

One of the oldest languages on the continent, Outoshi is also one of the most complicated as it involves affixes based on the relation between speaker and listener. It is the official language of Otakai<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

…<\/em>jij gidech pra shal k\u00f8hbi jij z\u00f8j shal shok s\u00f8dde ru so<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pronunciation<\/strong>: \/\u02a4ij gi\u02c8de\u02a7 p\u027ea \u0283al k\u00f8h\u02c8bi \u02a4ij z\u00f8j \u0283al \u0283ok s\u00f8d\u02c8de \u027eu so\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Outoshi word order<\/strong>: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dictionary Translator<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1_NtWLcspXr6k2Y1O2W8ONdcPcg3G6JQu\/view?usp=sharing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phonology and Spelling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Consonant inventory<\/strong>: \/b d g h j k l m n n\u032a p r s t v z \u014b \u0263 \u026b \u0270 \u027e \u0283 \u02a4 \u02a7 \u03b2\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th>Bilabial<\/th>Labiodental<\/th>Alveolar<\/th>Palato-alveolar<\/th>Palatal<\/th>Velar<\/th>Glottal<\/th><\/tr>
Nasal<\/td>m<\/td><\/td>n n\u032a<\/td><\/td><\/td>\u014b<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Stop<\/td>p b<\/td><\/td>t d<\/td><\/td><\/td>k g<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Affricate<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>\u02a7 \u02a4<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Fricative<\/td>\u03b2<\/td>v<\/td>s z<\/td>\u0283<\/td><\/td>\u0263<\/td>h<\/td><\/tr>
Approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>j<\/td>\u0270<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Tap<\/td><\/td><\/td>\u027e<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Trill<\/td><\/td><\/td>r<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Lateral approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td>l<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Co-articulated phonemes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th>Velarized alveolar<\/th><\/tr>
Lateral approximant<\/td>\u026b<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vowel inventory<\/strong>: \/a e i o u y \u00f8 \u026f\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/th>Front<\/th>Back<\/th><\/tr>
High<\/td>i y<\/td>\u026f u<\/td><\/tr>
High-mid<\/td>e \u00f8<\/td>o<\/td><\/tr>
Low<\/td>a<\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Syllable structure<\/strong>: Custom defined ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stress pattern<\/strong>: advanced ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word initial consonants<\/strong>: b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, p\u027e, s, t, v, z, \u027e, \u0283, \u02a4, \u02a7 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mid-word consonants<\/strong>: b, d, dd, dj, d\u0283, g, h, hb, hl, ht, hv, j, jd, jg, jl, jm, jn, js, jv, k, kl, ks, kt, k\u027e, k\u0283, l, ld, lg, lk, lm, ln, ls, lt, l\u02a4, m, md, ml, m\u02a4, n, nd, nk, nl, nm, nn, ns, nsl, nt, n\u027e, n\u02a4, n\u032aj, p, p\u026b, p\u027e, r, rk, rr, s, sk, sl, st, t, tb, tl, tm, ts, tt, t\u027e, t\u0283, t\u0283m, v, vl, z, zd, zg, zl, \u014bg, \u0263, \u0263m, \u0263\u027e, \u0270l, \u0270ls, \u027e, \u027eb, \u027ed, \u027eh, \u027ek, \u027ekl, \u027el, \u027em, \u027et, \u027et\u0283, \u027e\u0283, \u0283, \u0283k, \u0283l, \u0283m, \u0283t, \u02a4, \u02a7, \u02a7k, \u02a7m, \u03b2g, \u03b2l<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word final consonants<\/strong>: h, j, k, l, lm, lp, lt, m, n, ns, p, s, st, t, v, z, \u027e, \u027ek, \u027es, \u027et, \u0283, \u0283k, \u02a7 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phonological changes (in order of application)<\/strong>: ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • d \u2192 l \/ #_<\/li>
  • h \u2192 w \/ #_<\/li>
  • n \u2192 \u014b \/ _#<\/li>
  • k \u2192 x \/ V_t<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Spelling rules<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pronunciation<\/th>Spelling<\/th><\/tr>
    \u014b<\/td>n<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0252<\/td>o<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0263<\/td>jg | ga | j<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u026b<\/td>w | ou<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u026f<\/td>w<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0270<\/td>v | w<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u027e<\/td>r<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0283<\/td>sh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u028a<\/td>u<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a4#<\/td>g<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a4<\/td>j<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a7<\/td>ch | k<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u03b2<\/td>v<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    Grammar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Main word order<\/strong>: Verb-Subject-Object-Oblique. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Opened Mary the door with a key<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adjective order<\/strong>: Adjectives are positioned after the noun. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adposition<\/strong>: prepositions ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    <\/th>Masculine<\/th>Feminine<\/th>Neutral<\/th>High<\/th>Low<\/th><\/tr>
    Singular<\/strong><\/td>If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix k\u026f-
    Else: Prefix de- 
    deedis<\/strong> \/de\u02c8edis\/<\/td>    		If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix a-
    Else: Prefix \u00f8- 
    \u00f8edis<\/strong> \/\u00f8\u02c8edis\/<\/td>    		If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix ha-
    Else: Prefix sa- 
    saedis<\/strong> \/sa\u02c8edis\/<\/td>    		If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix u-
    Else: Prefix ur- 
    uredis<\/strong> \/u\u02c8redis\/<\/td>    		If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix nu-
    Else: Prefix bu- 
    buedis<\/strong> \/bu\u02c8edis\/<\/td><\/tr>
    Plural<\/strong><\/td>If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix i-
    Else: Prefix ie- 
    ieedis<\/strong> \/i\u02c8ee\u02ccdis\/<\/td>    		If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix \u00f8r-
    Else: Prefix \u00f8t- 
    \u00f8tedis<\/strong> \/\u00f8\u02c8tedis\/<\/td>    		If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix e-
    Else: Prefix e- 
    eedis<\/strong> \/e\u02c8edis\/<\/td>    		If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix ea-
    Else: Prefix eas- 
    easedis<\/strong> \/e\u02c8ase\u02ccdis\/<\/td>    		If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Prefix \u025c-
    Else: Prefix y- 
    yedis<\/strong> \/y\u02c8edis\/<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Pronouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Singular<\/em><\/span><\/th>Nominative<\/strong><\/td><\/th><\/td><\/tr>
    Person<\/strong><\/td>High<\/strong><\/td>Equal<\/strong><\/td>Low<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    1st<\/strong><\/td>velm<\/strong>\u00a0\/velm\/<\/td>it<\/strong>\u00a0\/it\/<\/td>sy<\/strong>\u00a0\/sy\/<\/td><\/tr>
    2nd<\/strong><\/td>ech<\/strong>\u00a0\/e\u02a7\/<\/td>merk<\/strong> \/me\u027ek\/<\/td>i<\/strong>\u00a0\/i\/<\/td><\/tr>
    3rd, Masculine<\/strong><\/td>by<\/strong>\u00a0\/by\/<\/td>dun<\/strong> \/dun\/<\/td>wshk<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u026f\u0283k\/<\/td><\/tr>
    3rd, Feminine<\/strong><\/td>ken<\/strong>\u00a0\/ken\/<\/td>jwns<\/strong> \/j\u026fns\/<\/td>hi<\/strong>\u00a0\/hi\/<\/td><\/tr>
    3rd, Neutral<\/strong><\/td>sirk<\/strong>\u00a0\/si\u027ek\/<\/td>mish<\/strong> \/mi\u0283\/<\/td>mis<\/strong>\u00a0\/mis\/<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    Singular<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/td>Accusative<\/strong><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    Person<\/strong><\/td>High<\/strong><\/td>Equal <\/strong><\/td>Low<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    1st<\/strong><\/td>kuk<\/strong>\u00a0\/ku\u02a7\/<\/td>ert<\/strong>\u00a0\/e\u027et\/<\/td>bun<\/strong>\u00a0\/bun\/<\/td><\/tr>
    2nd<\/strong><\/td>art<\/strong>\u00a0\/a\u027et\/<\/td>ne<\/strong>\u00a0\/ne\/<\/td>ve<\/strong>\u00a0\/ve\/<\/td><\/tr>
    3rd, Masculine<\/strong><\/td>a<\/strong>\u00a0\/a\/<\/td>vy<\/strong>\u00a0\/vy\/<\/td>tu<\/strong>\u00a0\/tu\/<\/td><\/tr>
    3rd, Feminine<\/strong><\/td>ka<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u02a7a\/<\/td>pins<\/strong>\u00a0\/pins\/<\/td>a<\/strong>\u00a0\/a\/<\/td><\/tr>
    3rd, Neutral<\/strong><\/td>siz<\/strong>\u00a0\/siz\/<\/td>ych<\/strong>\u00a0\/y\u02a7\/<\/td>tol<\/strong>\u00a0\/tol\/<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    Plural<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Nominative<\/strong><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    Person<\/strong><\/td>High<\/strong><\/td>Equal<\/strong><\/td>Low<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    1st<\/strong><\/td>char<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u02a7a\u027e\/<\/td>wst<\/strong> \/\u026fst\/<\/td>hez<\/strong>\u00a0\/hez\/<\/td><\/tr>
    2nd<\/strong><\/td>is<\/strong>\u00a0\/is\/<\/td>yv<\/strong> \/yv\/<\/td>art<\/strong>\u00a0\/a\u027et\/<\/td><\/tr>
    3rd<\/strong><\/td>e<\/strong>\u00a0\/e\/<\/td>pik<\/strong> \/pik\/<\/td>prurk<\/strong>\u00a0\/p\u027eu\u027ek\/<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    Plural<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Accusative<\/strong><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    Person<\/strong><\/td>High<\/strong><\/td>Equal<\/strong><\/td>Low<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    1st<\/strong><\/td>et<\/strong>\u00a0\/et\/<\/td>jins<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u02a4ins\/<\/td>tur<\/strong>\u00a0\/tu\u027e\/<\/td><\/tr>
    2nd<\/strong><\/td>ja<\/strong>\u00a0\/ja\/<\/td>ashk<\/strong>\u00a0\/a\u0283k\/<\/td>bust<\/strong>\u00a0\/bust\/<\/td><\/tr>
    3rd<\/strong><\/td>a<\/strong>\u00a0\/a\/<\/td>z\u00f8<\/strong>\u00a0\/z\u00f8\/<\/td>mi<\/strong>\u00a0\/mi\/<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Articles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    <\/th>Definite<\/th>Indefinite<\/th><\/tr>
    Singular<\/strong><\/td>gor<\/strong> \/go\u027e\/ the<\/em><\/td>y<\/strong> \/y\/ a<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Plural<\/strong><\/td>ar<\/strong> \/a\u027e\/ the<\/em><\/td>ulp<\/strong> \/ulp\/ some<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Possessive determiners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    1st singular<\/strong><\/td>bim<\/strong> \/bim\/ my<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>prap<\/strong> \/p\u027eap\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td>shal<\/strong> \/\u0283al\/ his<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td>be<\/strong> \/be\/ her<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    1st plural inclusive<\/strong><\/td>zy<\/strong> \/zy\/ our (including you)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    1st plural exclusive<\/strong><\/td>ilp<\/strong> \/ilp\/ our (excluding you)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>tans<\/strong> \/tans\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd plural<\/strong><\/td>\u00f8j<\/strong> \/\u00f8j\/ their<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Verbs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Present<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
    sip<\/strong> \/sip\/ study<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Past<\/strong><\/td>If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Suffix -a
    Else: Suffix -i 
    sipi<\/strong> \/si\u02c8pi\/ studied<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Remote past<\/strong><\/td>If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Suffix -oj
    Else: Suffix -yv 
    sipyv<\/strong> \/si\u02c8pyv\/ studied (long ago)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Future<\/strong><\/td>If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Suffix -\u026fp
    Else: Suffix -e\u0283 
    sipesh<\/strong> \/si\u02c8pe\u0283\/ will study<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Imperfective aspect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The \u2018imperfective\u2019 aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying<\/em> and habitual actions, such as I study (every night)<\/em>. Outoshi uses an affix for imperfective:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Imperfective<\/strong><\/td>If contains (a|\u026f|u|o): Suffix -uh
    Else: Suffix -ens 
    sipens<\/strong> \/si\u02c8pens\/ is studying<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Perfect aspect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in \u2018I have read this book\u2019, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Outoshi uses the word for \u2018finish\u2019 endirs for the perfect aspect. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Outoshi has a base-10 number system: <\/p>\n\n\n\n