{"id":66,"date":"2023-05-14T16:05:05","date_gmt":"2023-05-14T16:05:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/?page_id=66"},"modified":"2024-08-02T12:57:23","modified_gmt":"2024-08-02T12:57:23","slug":"ancient-chealain","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/eastedinose\/ancient-chealain\/","title":{"rendered":"Chealain (Extinct)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Natively known as: Che\u01cel\u01cen \/\u02a7e\u02c8\u0251l\u0251n\/<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Chealain, or now more commonly referred to as Ancient Chealain, this was used in\u00a0Cheala<\/a> before the empire collapsed. The language is now considered a dead language and it is not an official language of any nation, though it is still frequently used in academia as well as methods for passing secret information. Despite its status as a dead language, its influence and occasional use can be found across the continent, though most heavily focused in Bakianna<\/a>, Camantha<\/a>, Evevon<\/a>, Galanese<\/a>, Innarea<\/a>, Phamos<\/a>, Tajarat<\/a>, and Teluque<\/a>. In relation to other languages, it is succeeded by the following: Attano<\/a> and Common<\/a>. While its sibling language, Gylane<\/a>, continues to be used to this day in several locations throughout the continent. Finally, Shesaen<\/a> has been shown to have some connection to both Ancient Chealain and Gylane, though scholars remain uncertain about this old script.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

…<\/em>\u01ce we\u01d0g wa\u01d0b sudhy\u01d4j we\u01d0g dhivgav \u01ce v\u01cesh we\u01d0g f\u01d4b karlu re\u01d0zh dhezh<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pronunciation<\/strong>: \/\u0251 we\u026ag wa\u026ab \u02c8su\u00f0j\u028c\u02a4 we\u026ag \u02c8\u00f0ivg\u00e6v \u0251 v\u0251\u0283 we\u026ag f\u028cb \u02c8k\u00e6\u0279lu \u0279e\u026a\u0292 \u00f0\u025b\u0292\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chealain word order<\/strong>: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dictionary – Coming Soon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Phonology and Spelling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Consonant inventory<\/strong>: \/b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w z \u00f0 \u014b \u0279 \u0283 \u0292 \u02a4 \u02a7 \u03b8\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/tr>
\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th>Bilabial<\/th>Labiodental<\/th>Dental<\/th>Alveolar<\/th>Palato-alveolar<\/th>Palatal<\/th>Velar<\/th>Glottal<\/th><\/tr>
Nasal<\/td>m<\/td><\/td><\/td>n<\/td><\/td><\/td>\u014b<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Stop<\/td>p b<\/td><\/td><\/td>t d<\/td><\/td><\/td>k g<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Affricate<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>\u02a7 \u02a4<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Fricative<\/td><\/td>f v<\/td>\u03b8 \u00f0<\/td>s z<\/td>\u0283 \u0292<\/td><\/td><\/td>h<\/td><\/tr>
Approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>\u0279<\/td><\/td>j<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Lateral approximant<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>l<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Co-articulated phonemes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2193Manner\/Place\u2192<\/th>Labio-velar<\/th><\/tr>
Approximant<\/td>w<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vowel inventory<\/strong>: \/a\u026a a\u028a e\u026a i u \u00e6 \u0251 \u0254\u026a \u025b \u026a \u028a \u028c\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diphthongs<\/strong>: a\u026a, a\u028a, e\u026a, \u0254\u026a ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/th>Front<\/th>Back<\/th><\/tr>
High<\/td>i<\/td>u<\/td><\/tr>
Near-high<\/td>\u026a<\/td>\u028a<\/td><\/tr>
Low-mid<\/td>\u025b<\/td>\u028c<\/td><\/tr>
Near-low<\/td>\u00e6<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Low<\/td><\/td>\u0251<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Syllable structure<\/strong>: (C)V(C) ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stress pattern<\/strong>: Penultimate \u2014 stress is on the second last syllable ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word initial consonants<\/strong>: d, f, g, h, j, k, l, n, p, s, v, w, \u00f0, \u0279, \u0283, \u0292, \u02a4, \u02a7, \u03b8 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mid-word consonants<\/strong>: b, bj, bn, bs, b\u0279, b\u0283, d, df, dj, dm, dn, dw, d\u0292, d\u02a4, f, fd, fg, fh, fj, fn, ft, fw, f\u0279, g, gh, gj, gm, gv, g\u0279, g\u0283, g\u0292, h, hb, hj, hl, ht, hw, j, jb, jd, jf, jj, jk, jl, jn, jt, j\u00f0, j\u0283, k, kd, kf, kh, km, ks, kv, kz, k\u0279, k\u0283, k\u02a7, l, ld, lf, lg, lj, ll, ln, lp, l\u0279, l\u0292, l\u02a7, m, mf, mh, mj, mm, mn, mv, mw, m\u0279, m\u0292, m\u02a4, m\u02a7, m\u03b8, n, nd, nj, nl, nn, np, ns, nv, n\u00f0, n\u0279, n\u0292, n\u02a4, p, pj, pl, pm, pv, pz, p\u02a7, s, sb, sd, sl, sp, ss, sv, sw, sz, s\u02a7, t, tf, tg, tk, tm, tn, ts, tt, tv, t\u02a4, t\u02a7, v, vb, vd, vg, vw, v\u0279, w, wd, wk, wl, wm, ws, wt, w\u00f0, w\u02a4, z, zb, zg, zj, zk, zl, zm, zn, zp, \u00f0, \u00f0j, \u014b, \u014bd, \u014bj, \u014bk, \u014bp, \u014bs, \u014bt, \u014b\u03b8, \u0279, \u0279d, \u0279k, \u0279l, \u0279n, \u0279s, \u0279t, \u0279w, \u0279\u00f0, \u0279\u02a7, \u0283, \u0283j, \u0283k, \u0283p, \u0283t, \u0283\u02a7, \u0292, \u0292b, \u0292j, \u0292n, \u02a4, \u02a4m, \u02a4t, \u02a7, \u02a7f, \u02a7g, \u02a7k, \u02a7m, \u03b8, \u03b8d, \u03b8h, \u03b8\u0279 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word final consonants<\/strong>: b, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, z, \u00f0, \u014b, \u0279, \u0283, \u0292, \u02a4, \u02a7, \u03b8 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phonological changes (in order of application)<\/strong>: ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • s \u2192 h \/ V_V<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • m \u2192 w \/ B_#<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • S \u2192 \u00d8 \/ #_F<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u03b8 \u2192 s \/ _k<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • w \u2192 \u00d8 \/ i_#<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • l \u2192 h \/ _k<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Spelling rules<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pronunciation<\/th>Spelling<\/th><\/tr>
    a\u026a<\/td>ie<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    a\u028a<\/td>ou<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    e\u026a<\/td>ay<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    j<\/td>y<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u00e6<\/td>a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u00f0<\/td>dh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u014b<\/td>ng<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0251<\/td>\u01ce<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0254\u026a<\/td>oi<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u025b<\/td>e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u026a<\/td>\u01d0<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0279<\/td>r<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0283<\/td>sh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u028a<\/td>o<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u028c<\/td>\u01d4<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0292<\/td>zh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a4<\/td>j<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u02a7<\/td>ch<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u03b8<\/td>th<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Grammar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Main word order<\/strong>: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adjective order<\/strong>: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adposition<\/strong>: prepositions ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    <\/th>Masculine<\/th>Feminine<\/th><\/tr>
    Singular<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
    lu<\/strong> \/lu\/ man<\/em><\/td>    		No affix 
    sh\u01d0m<\/strong> \/\u0283\u026am\/ woman<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Plural<\/strong><\/td>If ends with vowel: Suffix -k\u02a7\u00e6
    Else: Suffix -e\u026ak\u02a7\u00e6 
    lukcha<\/strong> \/\u02c8luk\u02a7\u00e6\/ men<\/em><\/td>    		Suffix -\u028c 
    sh\u01d0m\u01d4<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u0283\u026am\u028c\/ women<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Articles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

     Chealain has no definite article \u2018the\u2019, or indefinite article \u2018a\u2019. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pronouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    1st singular<\/strong><\/td>zh\u0254\u01d0<\/strong> \/\u0292\u0254\u026a\/ I, me, mine<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>shi<\/strong> \/\u0283i\/ you, yours<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td>we\u01d0g<\/strong> \/we\u026ag\/ he, him, his<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td>he\u01d0<\/strong> \/he\u026a\/ she, her, hers<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    1st plural<\/strong><\/td>l\u01d0th<\/strong> \/l\u026a\u03b8\/ we, us, ours<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>rof<\/strong> \/\u0279\u028af\/ you (all), yours<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd plural masc<\/strong><\/td>g\u01ce<\/strong> \/g\u0251\/ they, them, theirs<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd plural fem<\/strong><\/td>dhe<\/strong> \/\u00f0\u025b\/ they, them, theirs<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Possessive determiners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    1st singular<\/strong><\/td>zh\u0254\u01d0<\/strong> \/\u0292\u0254\u026a\/ my<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd singular<\/strong><\/td>shi<\/strong> \/\u0283i\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular masc<\/strong><\/td>we\u01d0g<\/strong> \/we\u026ag\/ his<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd singular fem<\/strong><\/td>he\u01d0<\/strong> \/he\u026a\/ her<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    1st plural<\/strong><\/td>l\u01d0th<\/strong> \/l\u026a\u03b8\/ our<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    2nd plural<\/strong><\/td>shi<\/strong> \/\u0283i\/ your<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd plural masc<\/strong><\/td>g\u01ce<\/strong> \/g\u0251\/ their<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    3rd plural fem<\/strong><\/td>g\u01ce<\/strong> \/g\u0251\/ their<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Verbs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Present<\/strong><\/td>No affix 
    cha\u01d0s<\/strong> \/\u02a7a\u026as\/ study<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Past<\/strong><\/td>If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
    Else: Suffix -us 
    cha\u01d0sus<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u02a7a\u026asus\/ studied<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
    Future<\/strong><\/td>Suffix -a\u028ab 
    cha\u01d0saob<\/strong> \/\u02c8\u02a7a\u026asa\u028ab\/ will study<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Perfect aspect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in \u2018I have read this book\u2019, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Chealain uses the word for \u2018finish\u2019 emw\u01ce for the perfect aspect. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

     Chealain has a base-10 number system: <\/p>\n\n\n\n