{"id":129,"date":"2016-02-12T16:48:39","date_gmt":"2016-02-12T16:48:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/?p=129"},"modified":"2019-05-04T02:53:36","modified_gmt":"2019-05-04T02:53:36","slug":"historical-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/2016\/02\/12\/historical-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Etymological Comment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Phonetic Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Capitia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Cabeza<\/p>\n<p>1)\/Kapitia\/&gt;\/Kapetia\/ when \/i\/ weakens to \/e\/<\/p>\n<p>2) \/Kapetia \/ &gt; \/Ka\u00dfetia\/ when the intervocalic voiced stopped \/p\/ weakens to the fricative \/\u00df\/ due to lenition<\/p>\n<p>3) \/Ka\u00dfetia \/ &gt; \/ka\u00dfetja\/ yod is formed<\/p>\n<p>4) \/ka\u00dfetja \/ &gt; \/Ka\u00dfedza\/ the cluster of \/t+yod\/ yields \/dz\/<\/p>\n<p>5) \/Ka\u00dfedza \/ &gt; \/Ka\u00dfetsa\/ \/dz\/ weakens to \/ts\/<\/p>\n<p>6) \/Ka\u00dfetsa \/ &gt; \/Ka\u00dfesa \/after complete lenition of \/t\/<\/p>\n<p>Written Cabeza<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Latin: Apertus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Abierta<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Apertus\/&gt;\/Apertu\/ after loss of word final \/s\/<\/p>\n<p>2) \/Apertu \/ &gt; \/A\u00dfertu\/ after the intervocalic voiced stopped \/p\/ weakens to the fricative \/\u00df\/ due to the intervocalic position<\/p>\n<p>3) \/A\u00dfertu \/ &gt; \/A\u00dfiertu\/ after epenthesis of \/i\/ creating diphthong \/ie\/<\/p>\n<p>4) \/A\u00dfiertu \/ &gt; \/A\u00dfierta\/ after lenition of word final high back \/u\/ to low back \/a\/<\/p>\n<p>Written Abierta<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Mulier<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: mujer<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Mulier\/ &gt;\/Muljer\/ after formation of yod<\/p>\n<p>2) \/Muljer \/ &gt;\/Mu\u028eer\/ because the cluster of \/l+yod\/ creates the voiced palatal lateral approximate \/\u028e\/<\/p>\n<p>3) \/Mu\u028eer \/ &gt;\/Mudzer\/ after the \/\u028e\/ yields the voiced post-alveolar fricative \/z\/<\/p>\n<p>4) \/Mudzer \/ &gt;\/Muxer\/ after the post-alveolar fricative \/z\/ becomes the voiceless velar fricative \/x\/<\/p>\n<p>Written Mujer<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Bucca<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Boca<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Buka\/&gt; \/Boka\/ after the high back \/u\/ become the mid back \/o\/<\/p>\n<p>Boca in spelling after the assimilation of \/cc\/ to \/c\/<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Oculus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Ojo<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Okulus\/&gt; \/Oklus\/ after syncope of unstressed \/u\/<\/p>\n<p>2) \/Oklus \/&gt;\/O\u028eo\/ after \/kl\/ cluster evolves<\/p>\n<p>3) \/O\u028eo \/&gt;\/Ozo\/ after \/\u028e\/ weakens to post-alveolar fricative \/z\/<\/p>\n<p>4) \/Ozo \/&gt;\/Oxo\/ when \/z\/ typically evolves into the voiceless velar fricative \/x\/<\/p>\n<p>written Ojo<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Noctem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Noche<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Noktem\/&gt; \/Nockte\/ after loos of word final consonant \/m\/<\/p>\n<p>2) \/ Nockte \/&gt;\/Nojte\/ due to the palatalization of \/kt\/ cluster which produces a yod creating a diphthong&gt; this process of palatalization then yields voiceless post alveolar affricative \/t\u0192\/<\/p>\n<p>Written Noche<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Inimicus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: enimigo<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Inimikus\/&gt; \/Inimiku\/ after loss of word final s<\/p>\n<p>2) \/ Inimiku \/&gt;\/Enimiku\/ after lenition of high front \/i\/ to mid front \/e\/<\/p>\n<p>3) \/ Enimiku \/&gt;\/Enimiko\/ after lenition of word final high back \/u\/ to mid back \/o\/<\/p>\n<p>4) \/ Enimiko \/&gt;\/Enimigo\/ after lenition of stopped lingua-velar voiceless \/k\/ to stopped lingua-velar voiced \/g\/<\/p>\n<p>Written Enemigo<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Sentire<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Sienta<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Sentire\/ &gt; \/Sentre\/ after syncope of unstressed vowel \/i\/<\/p>\n<p>2) \/ Sentre \/ &gt; \/Siente\/ after epthnthisis of \/i\/<\/p>\n<p>3)\/ Siente \/ &gt; \/Sienta\/ after word final \/e\/ becomes \/a\/<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Terra<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Tierra<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Terra\/ &gt; \/Tierra\/ after epenthesis of \/i\/ yielding the diphthong \/ie\/<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Corporis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Cuerpo<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Korporis\/ &gt; \/Korpors\/ after syncope of unstressed vowel \/i\/<\/p>\n<p>2) \/Korpors \/ &gt; \/Korpo\/ after deletion of \/rs\/ cluster<\/p>\n<p>3)\/ Korpo \/ &gt; \/Kurpo\/ after strengthening of \/o\/ to \/u\/<\/p>\n<p>4) \/ Kurpo \/ &gt; \/Kuerpo\/ after epenthesis of \/e\/ creating diphthong \/ue\/<\/p>\n<p>Written Cuerpo<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Clamare<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Llamar<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Klamare\/ &gt; \/ Klamar\/ after loss of word final vowel \/e\/<\/p>\n<p>2) \/Klamar\/&gt; \/\u028eamar\/ after Palatalization of \/kl\/ cluster leads to the \/\u028e\/ sound the grapheme for which is written \/ll\/<\/p>\n<p>Written Llamar<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latin: Dicere<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern Spanish: Decir<\/p>\n<p>1) \/Dicere\/ &gt;\/Dicer\/ after the loss of word-final vowel \/e\/<\/p>\n<p>2) \/Decir\/ after metathesis of \/i\/ and \/e\/<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Verbal Morphology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>D\u0113cernunt &gt; deciden &gt;deciden &gt; Decidir<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Class II verb in present indicative form; rhizotonic, no allomorphy. The conjugation is typical in that the \/en\/ developed from the Latin 3<sup>rd<\/sup> plural ending \/unt\/.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\/D\u0113c\u00e9rnere\/ &gt; \/Decener\/ after syncope of unstressed syllable<\/li>\n<li>\/Decener\/ &gt; \/Deceder\/ after strengthening of the nasal voiced lingua alveolar \/n\/ to the stopped voiced lingua alveolar \/d\/<\/li>\n<li>\/Deceder\/ &gt; \/Decidir\/ After the evolution of the \/e\/ to \/i\/ and analogy of the second \/i\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Perdet Habebat &gt; perdet[eat] &gt; perder\u00eda&gt; perder<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Class IV verb in the conditional form; rhizotonic; perder is a non-allomorphic verb in the conditional form. The conditional form did not exist in Latin it developed later on in the romance languages as an offset. The \/\u00eda\/ ending developed from the \/ea\/ ending in Latin.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\/perdet\/&gt; \/perder\/ after lenition of the voiceless stopped lingua-alveolar \/t\/weakens to the liquid voiced lingua-palatal \/r\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Dec\u1e17bant &gt; dizian &gt; Decian&gt; Decir<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Class IV verb in imperfect indicative form; arhizotonic; allomorphic verb following the boot pattern wherein the 1<sup>st<\/sup> singular follows a different pattern from the 2<sup>nd<\/sup> and 3<sup>rd<\/sup> singular and the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> plural while the 1<sup>st<\/sup> plural and 2<sup>nd<\/sup> plural has an entirely different pattern; in this case it occurs because the stressed vowel is not in the stem. Thus we get digo, dices, dice, decimos, dec\u00eces, dicen in the present. The 3<sup>rd<\/sup> plural ending for Spanish \/\u00edan\/ developed from the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> plural ending \/ant\/ in Latin.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\/Dicere\/ &gt; \/Dicer\/ after loss of word-final vowel \/e\/<\/li>\n<li>\/Dicer \/ &gt; \/Decir\/ after metathesis of \/i\/ and \/e\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>Habu\u1e17runt &gt; ouieron &gt; Hubieron &gt; Haber (preterit) 146<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Class II verb in the perfect preterit form; arhizotonic; allomorphic verb, wherein there are different spellings and pronunciations of the same word. Like other allomorphic verbs, it follows the boot pattern. In the present tense, it is conjugated he, has, ha, hemos, han.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\/Habere\/ &gt; \/Haber\/ after loss of word-final vowel \/e\/<\/li>\n<li>\/Haber\/ &gt; \/Aber\/after complete lenition of \/h\/ however the grapheme \u2018h\u2019 remains in writing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Plor\u0101\u0301tum &gt; Plorando&gt; Llorando&gt;llorar<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Class I verb in the perfect participle form; rhizotonic; no allomorphy; participle endings in Spanish \/ido\/ and \/ando\/ are derived from the Latin endings of \/udo\/ and \/\u012btu\/. Typically in Spanish the perfect participle is preceded by haber that signals who the action is in relation to. I think that in <em>Cantar de Mio Cid <\/em>it was dropped for stylistic purposes. Llorar is conjugated in the typical manner, lloro, lloras, llora, lloramos, and lloran.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\/Plorare\/ &gt; \/Plorar\/ after loss of word-final \/e\/<\/li>\n<li>\/plorar\/&gt; \/llorar\/ after palitization of \/pl\/ cluster to \/\u028e\/ written \u201cll\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>Fabulari &gt; Fablo&gt; Habl\u00f3<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Class 1 verb in the present perfect form; richzotonic; non-allomorphic.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\/Fabulari\/&gt; \/fabular\/ after loss of word final vowel \/i\/<\/li>\n<li>\/Fabular\/ &gt; \/Fablar\/ after syncope of unstressed vowel \/u\/<\/li>\n<li>\/Fablar\/ &gt; \/Hablar\/ after lenition of fricative voiceless labiodental \/f\/ to fricative voiceless glottal \/h\/<\/li>\n<li>\/Hablar\/ &gt;\/Ablar\/ after complete lenition of \/h\/ however the grapheme remains in writing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Noun Adjective Morphology<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u201ca mio \u00e7id Ruy diaz\u201d (line 25)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>This is an example of the personal \u201ca\u201d in Spanish. Spanish lost the Latin case marking system but developed a new one known as \u201cthe personal a\u201d. The \u201cpersonal a\u201d is a marker of human objects or objects that pose human characteristics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u201cVio las puertas abiertas\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>The Spanish noun \u2018Puerta\u2019 is derived from the Latin noun \u2018Porta\u2019 of the first declension. It is a feminine noun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u201cconsiderara estas palabras\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>The Spanish noun \u201cPalabra\u201d is derived from the Latin noun \u201cParabola\u201d of the first declension. It is classified as a feminine noun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u201cEa quel que gela diesse\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>This is an example of how in Latin every personal pronoun was capable of standing alone. In the modern version of the text it is translated \u201cY si alguno se la diese\u201d because pronouns are always accompanied. In Spanish they are often only used in order to emphasize the meaning of something.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u201cNo la romp\u00eda por la fuerza\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>The Spanish noun \u201cFuerza\u201d comes from the Latin noun \u201cfortia\u201d of the first declension. It is classified as a feminine noun derived from the neuter plural Fortis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u201cNos echan de nuestra tierra\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cNos\u201d is an example of the Spanish first plural pronoun that developed from the Latin dative N\u014cS. It signifies to whom one is referring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Phonetic Analysis Latin: Capitia Modern Spanish: Cabeza 1)\/Kapitia\/&gt;\/Kapetia\/ when \/i\/ weakens to \/e\/ 2) \/Kapetia \/ &gt; \/Ka\u00dfetia\/ when the intervocalic voiced stopped \/p\/ weakens to the fricative \/\u00df\/ due to lenition 3) \/Ka\u00dfetia \/ &gt; \/ka\u00dfetja\/ yod is formed 4) \/ka\u00dfetja \/ &gt; \/Ka\u00dfedza\/ the cluster of \/t+yod\/ yields \/dz\/ 5) \/Ka\u00dfedza \/ &gt; &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/2016\/02\/12\/historical-analysis\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Etymological Comment<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-molly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=129"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/129\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":549,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/129\/revisions\/549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}