Phonetic Analysis:<\/p>\n
Transformation from Latin to French for: Diti\u00e9 De Jehanne D\u2019Arc<\/strong><\/p>\n CASTELLUM \/kas\u02c8tel.lum\/<\/strong>\u00a0> Chasteaulx<\/strong>\/\u0283\u0251t\u025bw\/ \u00a0>\u00a0ch\u00e2teaux<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u0283\u0251to\/ (Singular) English: \u201cCastle\u201d<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n REGEM \/<\/strong>r\u00e9gem\/ > roy > roi \/<\/strong>Rwa\/ <\/strong>English: King<\/p>\n VOSTER<\/strong>\/<\/strong>\u02c8w\u0254s.t\u025br\/> VOSTRE [<\/strong>v\u0254t\u0281] > V\u00d4TRE [<\/strong>v\u0254t\u0281] <\/strong>English: \u201cyour\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p>\n FORTUNA <\/strong>\/f\u0254r\u02c8tu\u02d0.na\/<\/strong>>FORTUNE<\/strong>[f\u0254\u0280tyne]\u00a0 English: \u201cFortune\u201d different pronunciation [f\u0254\u0280tyn]<\/p>\n ILEX <\/strong>\/\u02c8i\u02d0.leks\/ >EULZ<\/strong>[\u00f8lz] >EUX<\/strong>[\u00f8] English: \u201cthem\u201d<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n DESTRUO <\/strong>\/\u02c8de\u02d0s.tru.o\u02d0\/\u00a0> DESTRUIRE <\/strong>\u00a0[destr\u0265ir\u0259] >\u00a0D\u00c9TRUIRE<\/strong>\u00a0[det\u0281\u0265i\u0281] English: \u201cdestroy\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p>\n PROPHETIA<\/strong>\u00a0[profetia] > PROPHECIE<\/strong>\u00a0[profetsi] >\u00a0PROPH\u00c9TIE<\/strong>\u00a0[p\u0281\u0254fesi] English: \u201cProphecy\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p>\n LUPUS [<\/strong>lu:pus] > LOUPS> LOUPS <\/strong>[lu]English: \u201cWolf\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p>\n M\u012aLLE<\/strong>\u00a0[m\u012bl-le] > MILES<\/strong>\u00a0[mil\u0259] >\u00a0MILLE\u00a0<\/strong>[mil] English: \u201cthousands\u201d<\/p>\n SANGUIS<\/strong>\/\u02c8san.\u0261\u02b7is\/ > SANC <\/strong>[sank] >\u00a0SANG<\/strong>\u00a0[s\u00e3]English: \u201cblood\u201d<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>VITA<\/strong>\/\u02c8wi\u02d0.to\u02d0\/> VIE <\/strong>[vi] \u00a0English\u00a0:\u201dLife\u201d<\/p>\n COR<\/strong>\/k\u014fr\/ > CUER <\/strong>\/kweR\/ > COEUR<\/strong>\/k\u0153R\/ English: Heart<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Verbal Morphology:<\/p>\n #1\u00a0<\/u>Latin: Habere\u00a0Word in text: Avoir Class II<\/p>\n In the earlier stages, aveir, aver, from Vulgar Latin av\u0113re, from Latin hab\u0113re (\u201chave, hold, possess\u201d), present infinitive of habe\u014d. Habeo, unlike esse, was completely regular but as it came to be used as an auxiliary, it was subject to unusual phonetic attrition. The infinitive in modern French is \u201cavoir\u201d and this in all three of the languages are considered regular. Step One: loss of \/h\/as people no longer pronounce \/h\/ in Popular Latin, from which the Romance languages derivedand the result: \/abere\/. Step Two: diphthongization. A stressed high mid \/e\/ in a free syllable changes to a diphthong, \/ej\/and the result: \/abejr\/. Step Three: the loss of word-final vowels(in French, word-final vowels (except a) all get lost). Result: \/abeyr\/. Step Four: Asthe intervocalic consonant \/b\/ undergoes lenition, changing from a plosive to a fricative \/v\/and the result: \/avejr\/. Step Five: yod development, \/ej\/ develops into \/wa\/and the result: \/avwar\/. Step Six: The Germanic influenceas the change to the \/r\/ is a Frankish or German influence (an influence outside of Latin). In Germanic languages, this \/\u0281\/ is common, and it had an influence on the French.Result:\u00a0 \/ avwa\u0281\/\u00a0 \u201cavoir\u201d.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n #2\u00a0<\/u>Latin: Tenere<\/p>\n Word in text: Tenir > Modern French: Tenir\u00a0 Class II<\/p>\n Tenere in Latin belongs to Class II verb. It reflects stress-induced allomorphy. This is a typical one as the position of the stressed vowel varies in a \u201cboot pattern\u201d. As usual, for the singular and third person plural forms, the stressed low-mid front \/\u025b\/ in the stem diphthongizes to \/j\u025b\/. However, in the first & second person plural forms, the vowel in the stem is unstressed, so it does not change. As usual in French, the 1st<\/sup>person plural evolves by analogy with the Latin verb \u201csumus\u201d and yields \/-\u0254\u0303\/. For the second person plural inflexion, it evolves from \/-etis\/ to \/-e\/ through syncope of the unstressed high front vowel \/i\/ and lenition, which result a voiceless lingua-alveolar affricate \/ts\/. Just a side note, although the 1st<\/sup>person singular \u201cs\u201d comes from anlogy with the 2nd<\/sup>person singular, the inflexions for the second person singular (\u201cs\u201d), third person singular (\u201ct\u201d), and third person plural (\u201cent\u201d) are etymological.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n #3\u00a0<\/u>Latin: Amare<\/p>\n French: aimet > \u00a0aime (present tense, \u00a03rd<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0person singular) Class I<\/p>\n This verb in the present indicative form is the third person singular \u201caimet\u201d \/\u025bmet\/, so it is derived from the Latin \/amare\/. In \u2018aimer\u2019 the stressed stem prevails. For Class I verb, the stress normally falls off the root of the infinitive, but on the root of the third person singular form, ex. AMARE (infinitive) AMAT (third person singlular). Also, in Class I verbs, generally an \/-A-\/ will yield the vowel \/\u0259\/ \u201ce\u201d in Old French and then on its way to Modern French will become zero, yet will still be represented graphemically as \u201ce\u201d, and that means: \u201caimet\u201d or \/\u025bm\u0259t\/. In other words, in old French, the \u201ce\u201d was still pronounced, but in modern version of French, the \u201ce\u201d at the end is not pronounced. Although the final \/t\/ found in \/AMAT\/ still remains, it will eventually disappear when transforming to the Modern form \u201caime\u201d \/\u025bme\/.<\/p>\n #4\u00a0<\/u>Latin: Servire<\/p>\n French (Middle\/Old and Modern): Word in text: Servir: Class IV<\/p>\n From Latin serv\u012bre, present active infinitive of servi\u014d. In Old and Modern French is the same grapheme: \u2018servir. The verb servir shows stress-induced vowel allomorphy. This allomorphy is induced by stress position. In the present tense paradigms of Popular Latin, the stress position alternates in the boot pattern, producing stem allomorphy. Servire \/serwire\/ > server \/s\u025b\u0281vi\u0281\/ > server \/s\u025b\u0281vi\u0281\/. At some point of time since the old French, the \/e\/ at the end was deleted. Thus, we get: Servir: sers, sers, sert, servons, servez, servent (All in present form conjugations).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n #5\u00a0<\/u>Latin: Termin\u0101re<\/p>\n French (Middle\/Old and Modern): word in text: terminer \/t\u025b\u0281mine\/ \u00a0Class I<\/p>\n The verb \u2018terminer\u2019 in French was borrowed from Latin termin\u014d, termin\u0101re. In Class I, alternation is stress of the root for infinitive form. First, in French, the rule is deleting the vowel of the last syllable, except for -a# (which prevent this allomorphy from happening in Class I verb). In \u2018terminer\u2019 the stressed stem prevails. Also, in Class 1 verbs, generally an \/-A-\/ will yield the vowel \/\u0259\/ \u201ce\u201d in Old French and then on its way to Modern French will become zero, yet will still be represented graphemically as \u201ce\u201d. This is not so much in the infinitive form, but in other forms of conjugation in French, the \u201ce\u201d was still pronounced in Old French, but in modern version of French, the \u201ce\u201d at the end is not pronounced ex: Je termine \/t\u025b\u0281min\/. The \u2018are\u2019 in the end of the Latin transforms to \u2018er\u2019 in French that follows through regular evolution of the boot pattern: je termine, tu termines, il termine, nous terminons, vous terminez, ils terminent.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n #6\u00a0<\/u>Latin: Videre<\/p>\n Old\/Middle French: Veir\u00a0Modern French: Voir\u00a0Class II<\/p>\n The verb \u201cvidere\u201d in Latin is a Class II verb, and it shows stress-induced allomorphy. The verb position of the stressed vowel varies in the \u201cboot pattern\u201d. In all forms, the word-initial glide \/w\/ undergoes fortition to the voiced labiodental fricative \/v\/. Also, in all forms, the high mid short front vowel \/\u012d\/ diphthongizes to \/oj\/ and then \/wa\/. Generally, the first person plural form evolves by analogy and yields \/-\u0254\u0303\/. The second person plural inflexion evolves from \/-etis\/ to \/-e\/ through syncope of the unstressed high front vowel \/i\/ and then undergoes lenition to get the voiceless lingua-alveolar affricate \/ts\/. For the inflexions of the second person singular \u201cs\u201d, third person singular \u201ct\u201d, and third person plural \u201cent\u201d are etymological. However, we see that the first person singular \u201cs\u201d comes from analogy with the second person singular. In the first and second person plural forms, the jod \/j\/ separates the stem and inflexion.<\/p>\n Noun Morphology :<\/p>\n 1.Original: (XVII) \u2026Je <\/u><\/strong>prie \u00e0 Dieu que cellui soies, et qu\u2019il te doit\u2026<\/p>\n Modern Translation: Je prie Dieu que vous soyez la personne que j’ai d\u00e9crite<\/p>\n English Translation: I pray to God that you may be the person I have described<\/p>\n The Modern French first person singular \u201cje\u201d evolved from the Latin first singular subject \/EGO\/, which in tonic (stressed) form becomes \u201cmoi\u201d and in its light or atonic (unstressed) form becomes \u201cje\u201d. The source of the \u201cje\u201d seen in Ditie de Jehanne d\u2019Arc is in Middle French, but follows a pattern of sound evolution in which \/EGO\/ > \/eo\/ > \/jo\/. \/jo\/ in Old French then continued to evolve to the Modern form and then became the affricate \/d\u0292\u0259\/ which then de-affricated to the Modern pronunciation, \/\u0292\u0259\/ \u201cje\u201d. The \u201cje\u201d is in the pronoun in the first-person singular nominative case, it has no feminine or masculine changes.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 2.Original (XIV):\u2026 que ton pays,<\/u><\/strong>qui se perdoit\u2026<\/p>\n Modern Translation\u00a0: r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer votre pays que vous \u00e9tiez sur le point de perdre<\/p>\n English Translation\u00a0: recover your country which you were on the point of losing<\/p>\n The Middle and Modern French noun \u201cpays\u201d, derived from Latin \u201cpagensis\u201d \/pa\u02d0\u02c8\u0261en.sis\/. It can be considered as in the third declension. From Old French pa\u00efs, from Late Latin p\u0101g\u0113nsis (\u201cinhabitant of a district\u201d), derived from Latin p\u0101gus (\u201ccountryside; district\u201d). Pagensis regularly reduced to \u201cpagesis\u201d, becomes \u201cpais\u201d, then \u201cpays\u201d. In the text, \u201cpays\u201d is in masculine form, and in Modern French, the plural \u201cpays\u201d is also written as \u201cpays\u201d as in \/pei\/.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 3.Orignal (XXXV): \u2026 a jointes mains,<\/u><\/strong>grans et menus<\/p>\n Modern Translation: Avec les mains jointes, petits et grands\u2026<\/p>\n English Translation: With hands clasped, both great and small\u2026<\/p>\n In the text as Middle French and Modern French, the noun \u201cmain\u201d \/m\u025b\u0303\/ is the singular form for hand, and \u201cmains\u201d is both hands. This noun is from Latin \u201cmanus\u201d \/\u02c8ma.nus\/, feminine (genitive man\u016bs), and in the fourth declension. The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words, with a few feminine exceptions, including manus, man\u016bs f. And this in group 4 has adjusted to group 2. In French, the plural form \u201cmains\u201d, even though there is a \u201cs\u201d at the end, the \u201cs\u201d is emphasized, so not pronounced in Modern French.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 4.Original (XV) Il <\/u><\/strong>n\u2019estoit de Lui ordonn\u00e9e<\/p>\n Modern Translation: Non ordonn\u00e9 par lui<\/p>\n English Translation: Not ordained by him<\/p>\n Subject clitics are necessary in French, unlike in Spanish and Italian. It is irregular: similar to first and second declensions but with genitive singular ending in -\u012bus and dative singular ending in -\u012b. \u201cIl\u201d comes from the vulgar Latin ILLI, and this masculine singular he: \u201cil\u201d could have evolved as \u201cel\u201d but did not, because it is attributed to metaphony induced by final long I. This is nominal morphology unique to French.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 5.Original (XXVII): Contre lui,<\/u><\/strong>et tout conquestoit<\/p>\n Modern Translation: et il a tout conquis en vue.<\/p>\n English Translation: and he conquered everything in sight.<\/p>\n The Middle\/Modern French tonic third person pronoun \u201clui\u201d comes from the Vulgar Latin masculine singular \/ILLUI\/. French tonic pronouns generally evolve regularly and \u201clui\u201d is a good example to illustrate this. \u201cLui\u201d in its Modern form replaces not only the Old French tonic subject pronoun \u201cil\u201d from ILLI, but also the Middle French atonic masculine and dative singulars \u201cli\u201d from the Latin ILLI and \u201cli\u201d \u201clei\u201d \u201clie\u201d from the Latin ILLE(I). It is interesting to see the translation into Modern French, the translator has chosen to use the verb \u201centourer\u201d, meaning \u201cto be around\u201d. So, due to Modern standard phonetic and graphemic regulations, we see that the Modern \u201clui\u201d becomes shortened to \/l + \u2019\/ before a word initial vowel in writings. In some French sentences, the personal pronoun \u201clui\u201d \/l\u0265i\/ can also refer to a feminine case, ex: when saying to her, can also use lui.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 6.Original (XXXII): Et sa belle vie, par foy,<\/p>\n Modern Translation: Et, en v\u00e9rit\u00e9, la beaut\u00e9 de sa vie<\/p>\n English Translation: And, in truth, the beauty of her life<\/p>\n In the text, \u201cvie\u201d means life, and \u201cvie\u201d \/vi\/ is the same pronunciation and spelling for both Middle and Modern French. This is a noun from Latin noun \u201cvita\u201d \/\u02c8wi\u02d0.ta\/, with the loss of medial letter \u201ct\u201d. This is in the first declension, and it is a feminine noun. Nouns of the first declension usually end in -a in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine. Also, a side note is that feminine nouns from declension 5 go to declension 1 during the reconstruction period. In this sentence during the text, the vie takes an indirect case. For plural case, just simply add a \u201cs\u201d at the end of \u201cvie\u201d to becomes \u201cvie\u201d, but the pronunciation does not include the \u201cs\u201d sound.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Phonetic Analysis: Transformation from Latin to French for: Diti\u00e9 De Jehanne D\u2019Arc CASTELLUM \/kas\u02c8tel.lum\/\u00a0> Chasteaulx\/\u0283\u0251t\u025bw\/ \u00a0>\u00a0ch\u00e2teaux\u00a0\/\u0283\u0251to\/ (Singular) English: \u201cCastle\u201d Castellum > chastellum: Begin with the palatalization of the stop velar unvoiced [k] to the affricate [t\u0283]\u201cch\u201d. Chastellum > chastellum: Then, the middle affricate stage of \u201cch,\u201d [t\u0283] deaffricates and changes to the fricative post-alveolar voiceless … Continue reading Etymological Comment<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":635,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lulu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/635"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=186"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":684,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/186\/revisions\/684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=186"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
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