{"id":217,"date":"2019-03-29T15:39:06","date_gmt":"2019-03-29T15:39:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/?p=217"},"modified":"2019-04-30T01:12:19","modified_gmt":"2019-04-30T01:12:19","slug":"etymological-comment-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/2019\/03\/29\/etymological-comment-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Etymological Comment"},"content":{"rendered":"

Phonetic Analysis for<\/b> La Divina Commedia<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

HUMANU<\/b>\/umanu\/ <\/b>> UMANO<\/b>\/umano\/<\/b> > UMANO \/umano\/<\/b><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The stressed syllable in HUMANU is penultimate syllable MA<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. HUMANU > UMANU after loss of consonant [h] in antepenultimate syllabus HU<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    H was not pronounced in Latin: therefore word initial H was lost during the normal evolution.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. UMANU > UMANO due to the evolution of the word final vowel high back \/u\/ to mid high back \/o\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

      GYRUS<\/b> \/\u02c8\u0261y\u02d0.rus\/ <\/span>> GIRO<\/b>\/<\/span>d\u0292<\/b>iro\/<\/span>> GIRO \/<\/b>d\u0292iro\/<\/b><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. The stressed syllable in GYRUS is <\/span>penultimate syllable <\/span>GY<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. GYRUS > GIRUS after grapheme change, the latin grapheme \u2018Y\u2019 corresponds to the sound high front \/i\/<\/span><\/li>\n
      3. Any sound change affecting a consonant produces allomorphy when it selectively hits the stem-final consonant in a verb paradigm. Latin [k] [g] [sk] palatalized to Italian [\u02a7] [\u02a4] [\u0283] before a front vowel. Thus, \/gi\/>\/<\/span>d\u0292<\/span>\/<\/span><\/li>\n
      4. GIRUS > GIRU after lenition of [s] in coda position<\/span><\/li>\n
      5. GIRU > GIRO <\/span>due to the evolution of the word final vowel high back \/u\/ to mid high back \/o\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

         <\/p>\n

        DULCE<\/b>\/dulke\/<\/span> > DOLCE<\/b>\/dolke\/<\/span> > DOLCE \/<\/b>dolt\u0283e\/<\/b><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. The stressed syllable in <\/span>DULCE<\/span> is p<\/span>enultimate syllable <\/span>DUL<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. DULCE > DOLCE after <\/span>evolution of the vowel high back \/u\/ to mid high back \/o\/, which means that in classical <\/span>Latin<\/span>, the grapheme for vowel \/u\/ is short \u016d<\/span><\/li>\n
        3. DOLCE<\/span>\/dolke\/<\/span> > DOLCE<\/span>\/dol<\/span>t\u0283<\/b>e\/<\/span> after the palatali<\/span>z<\/span>ation from \/k+e\/ to affricative postalveolar voiceless \/<\/span>t\u0283<\/span>\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

           <\/p>\n

          ACCOLLIGERE<\/b>\/akkolligere\/<\/span> > ACCOGLIERE <\/b>\/akkogliere\/ <\/span>> ACCOGLIERE \/akk\u0254\u028eere\/<\/b><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. The stressed syllable in <\/span>ACCOLLIGERE<\/span> is<\/span> penultimate <\/span>syllable <\/span>GE<\/span><\/li>\n
          2. ACCOLLIGERE > ACCOLLIERE after the <\/span>leition <\/span>of intervocalic [g]<\/span><\/li>\n
          3. ACCOLLIERE > ACCOGLIERE after the evolution -LL- cluster to -GL- cluster which yields the lateral palatal [<\/span>\u028e<\/span>], <\/span>cluster \/LL\/ > \/ \u028e\/<\/span>. which in Modern Italian is represented with the grapheme \u201cgli\u201d when followed by a non-front vowel<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

             <\/p>\n

            SEQUERE<\/b> \/sekuere\/<\/span> > SEGUIRE <\/b>\/segwire\/<\/span> > SEGUIRE \/segwire\/<\/b><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. The stressed syllable in <\/span>SEQUERE<\/span> is <\/span>penultimate syllable <\/span>QUE<\/span><\/li>\n
            2. SEQUERE > SEGUERE after lenition of voiceless \/-k-\/ to stop voiced \/g\/<\/span><\/li>\n
            3. SEGUERE > SEGUIRE \u00a0after evolution of vowel mid-high front \/e\/ to high front \/i\/, <\/span>which is assimilated by the fourth class\/conjugation of verbs in \u2013IRE. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

               <\/p>\n

              VOSTRU<\/b>\/wostro\/ <\/span>> VOSTRO<\/b> \/v\u0254stro\/<\/b>> VOSTRO \/<\/b>v\u0254stro<\/b>\/<\/b><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. The stressed syllable in <\/span>VOSTRU<\/span> is <\/span>penultimate syllable <\/span>VOS<\/span><\/li>\n
              2. \u201cV\u201d in Latin was pronounced as the semiconsonant glide \/w\/. When the weakest consonants, namely glides, occur in word-initial position, they have at times undergone fortition (strengthening). Thus, in Italian, \/w\/ > \/v\/ after the process of fortition. <\/span><\/li>\n
              3. Since in classical latin, vowel is short \u014f instead of a long \u014d. Stress vowel evolves into a low mid \/\u0254\/ and not into the high mid \/o\/.<\/span><\/li>\n
              4. VOSTRU > VOSTRO <\/span>due to the evolution of the word final vowel high back \/u\/ to mid high back \/o\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                 <\/p>\n

                DEVENIRE <\/b>\/dewenire\/ <\/span>> DIVENIRE <\/b>\/divenire\/<\/span>> DIVENIRE \/divenire\/<\/b><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. The stressed syllable in <\/span>DEVENIRE<\/span> is <\/span>penultimate syllable <\/span>NI<\/span><\/li>\n
                2. \u201cV\u201d in Latin was pronounced as the semiconsonant glide \/w\/. When the weakest consonants, namely glides, occur in word-initial position, they have at times undergone fortition (strengthening). Thus, in Italian, \/w\/ > \/v\/ after the process of fortition. <\/span><\/li>\n
                3. DEVENIRE > DIVENIRE after evolution of vowel mid-high front \/e\/ to high front \/i\/ <\/span>due to sporadic change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  OCULU <\/b>\/okulu\/ <\/span>> OCCHIO <\/b>\/\u0254kkjo\/ <\/b>> OCCHIO \/<\/b>\u0254kkjo<\/b>\/<\/b><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. The stressed syllable in <\/span>OCULU<\/span> is ante<\/span>penultimate syllable <\/span>O<\/span><\/li>\n
                  2. OCULU > OCLU due to syncope of unstressed vowel u in the penultimate syllable<\/span><\/li>\n
                  3. OCLU > OCCHIU due to palatalization of \/l\/ with velar \/k\/ by <\/span>compromise articulation: when a gesture aiming at one point of articulation is adjacent to a gesture aiming at a different point of articulation, the two tend to become simultaneous. <\/span>\u00a0\/kl\/ cluster to \/kj\/<\/span><\/li>\n
                  4. OCCHIU > OCCHIO <\/span>due to the evolution of the word final vowel high back \/u\/ to mid high back \/o\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    COMINITIARE <\/b>\/komintiare\/<\/span> > COMINCIARE<\/b>\/komint\u0283are\/<\/b> > COMINCIARE \/komint\u0283are\/<\/b><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. The stressed syllable in <\/span>COMINITIARE<\/span> is the <\/span>ending ARE: . It is a first class\/conjugation verb, which means it is arhizotonic. Thus, the stress fall in the infinitive ending: -ARE. <\/span><\/li>\n
                    2. COMINITIARE > COMINTIARE after syncope of unstressed vowel i<\/span><\/li>\n
                    3. COMINTIARE > COMINCIARE after palatalisation due to <\/span>assimilation to palatal place of articulation of yod<\/span>: \/t+j\/ yields affricative postalveolar voiceless \/t<\/span>\u0283<\/span>\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      PLANETA <\/b>\/planeta\/<\/span> > PIANETA <\/b>\/pjaneta\/ <\/b>> PIANETA \/pjaneta\/<\/b><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. The stressed syllable in PLANETA is penultimate syllable NE<\/span><\/li>\n
                      2. PLANETA > PIANETA after palatali<\/span>z<\/span>ation from \/PL-\/ to \/pj\/.<\/span> In Italian, in intervocalic position, the obstruent before this \/j\/ geminates. In protected (postconsonantal) position, the obstruent remains single. In word-initial position \/pl\/ > \/pj\/. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        LAXARE <\/b>\/laksare\/ <\/span>> LASCIARE<\/b> \/la\u0283\u0283are\/<\/b>> LASCIARE \/<\/b>la\u0283\u0283are\/<\/b><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. The stressed syllable in <\/span>LAXARE<\/span> is <\/span>penultimate syllable <\/span>XA<\/span><\/li>\n
                        2. LAXARE > LASCIARE due to palatalisation:<\/span> \/ks\/ becomes a new palatal phoneme due to compromise articulation between the place of articular of \/k\/ and \/s\/<\/span>, \/-ks\/ > \/<\/span>\u0283<\/span>\/, which in italian is represented as grapheme SCI. <\/span>Compromise articulation represents when a gesture aiming at one point of articulation is adjacent to a gesture aiming at a different point of articulation, the two tend to become simultaneous.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          PECTU<\/b>\/pektu\/<\/span> > PETTO \/p\u025btto\/ > PETTO \/p\u025btto\/<\/b><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. The stressed syllable in PECTU is penultimate syllable PEC<\/span><\/li>\n
                          2. In classical latin, stressed vowel e should be short \u0115 instead of long \u0113. And it\u2019s blocked syllabus so it evolves to \/\u03b5\/.<\/span><\/li>\n
                          3. PECTU > PETTU after assimilation of the first consonant to the second in cluster \/kt\/, creating a germinate as in PETTU<\/span><\/li>\n
                          4. PETTU > PETTO due to the evolution of the word final vowel high back \/u\/ to mid high back \/o\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            Analysis of noun\/adjective morphology<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Per correr miglior acque<\/strong> alza le vele <\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Modern paraphrase: <\/strong>alza le vele per percorrere acque<\/strong> migliori<\/p>\n

                              English translation: \uff08my talent\u2019s little vessel\uff09lifts her sails to course across more kindly waters<\/strong> now<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Acque in old italian has latin etymon of aquae, which is nominative plural and belongs to the 1st declension class. In the reconstructed popular latin two-case system, it falls into the 1st declension plural category, which could be nominative aque\/aquas. In the evolution of Italian, as > \/aj\/ > \/ej\/ > \/e\/ that final ending of -ae\/-as evolved into -e. So in modern Italian, 1st declension feminine plural form of this word becomes acque.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. e di salire al ciel<\/strong> diventa degno<\/u>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Modern paraphrase: <\/strong>\u00a0e diventa degna di salire al cielo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

                                  English translation: becoming worthy of ascent to Heaven.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • The latin etymon of word Ciel is caelum, which is masculine singular and belongs to the second declension in classical latin. The ending in -um means is neuter gender. In the reconstructed popular latin two-case system, it becomes caelus and falls into the 2nd declension singular category. In modern italian, caelus becomes cielo because in the second declension, [os] > [oj] (unstressed) > [o] results in case neutralization to cielo <\/em>in the singular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                     <\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. tosto ch\u2019io<\/strong> usci\u2019 fuor de l\u2019aura morta <\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Modern paraphrase: <\/strong>restitu\u00ec gioia ai miei occhi non appena io<\/strong> uscii fuori dall’aria morta (dell’Inferno)<\/p>\n

                                      English translation: as I <\/strong>had left behind the air of death<\/p>\n