{"id":448,"date":"2019-04-29T15:47:18","date_gmt":"2019-04-29T15:47:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/?p=448"},"modified":"2019-05-05T09:30:06","modified_gmt":"2019-05-05T09:30:06","slug":"etymological-context-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/2019\/04\/29\/etymological-context-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Etymological Comment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>In Text: Branche<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: Branca ; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8bran.ka\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Branca &gt; Brancha due to epenthesis of \u201ch\u201d in the final syllable<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8bran-ka\/ &gt; \/\u02c8bran-t\u0283a\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \/-ka\/ in the final syllable becomes \/-t\u0283a\/ <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brancha &gt; Branche (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) due to evolution of final vowel, the low, mid, unrounded \/a\/ to the high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8bran-t\u0283a\/ &gt; \/\u02c8br\u00e3n.t\u0283\u0259\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, final syllable \u201d-che\u201d is pronounced as an affricative, alveolar, voiced consonant \/t\u0283\/. In <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the final syllable in \/\u02c8br\u00e3n.t\u0283\u0259\/, which is a \u2018labial + j\u2019 sound palatalizes to an \/\u0283\/ sound. This is pronounced as the fricative, lingua-[alatal, voiceless consonant \/\u0283\/ Additionally, there is nasalization of the consonant \u201cn\u201d, leaving the final <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> pronunciation as<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \/b\u0281\u0251\u0303\u0283\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>In Text: Autre<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: Alter; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8al.ter\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alter &gt; Altre<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> due to metathesis of the high-mid, front vowel \/e\/ (grapheme \u201ce\u201d) and the consonant \u201cr\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8al.ter\/ &gt; \/\u02c8al.t\u027ee\/ or \/\u02c8al.t\u027e\u0259\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; The word-final, high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/ is pronounced as such, or as the mid-central schwa \/\u0259\/.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Altre &gt; Autre<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> after the consonant \u201cl\u201d in the penultimate undergoes lenition, becoming the high, back, unrounded vowel represented by the grapheme \u201cu\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8al.t\u027ee\/ &gt; \/\u02c8awt\u027ee\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At this stage, in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the grapheme \u201cau\u201d is pronounced as the dipthong \/aw\/. The word-final vowel represented by the grapheme \u201ce\u201d continues to be pronounced, as previously mentioned.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At this point, the word is at its final spelling, relevant to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, however, there is one more change it must undergo to reach a modern pronunciation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \/\u02c8awt\u027ee\/ &gt; \/ot\u0281\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; The grapheme \u201cau\u201d evolves in pronunciation to the high-mid, back, rounded vowel \/o\/. The final vowel is disappears in pronunciation, possibly due to some lenition, but the grapheme is maintained.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>In Text: Espee<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: Spatha; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8spa.t\u02b0a\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Spatha &gt; Spada<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> after lenition of the consonant cluster \u201cth\u201d to \u201cd\u201d, in its unprotected, intervocalic position.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8spa.t\u02b0a\/ &gt;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8spa.da\/ <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Spada &gt; Speda in a typical evolution in French, the low, mid unrounded vowel \/a\/, \u201ca\u201d, to a high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/, \u201ce\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8spa.da\/ &gt;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8spe.da\/ <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Speda &gt; Spede, repeating the process from the previous step, but this time in the penultimate syllable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8spe.da\/ &gt;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8tspe.de\/;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> this is an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> form typically used in the 9th century. The \u201cs\u201d at this stage would be pronounced as the affricative, alveolar, voiced consonant \/ts\/.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Spede &gt; Espede after addition of the prosthetic high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/, \u201ce\u201d.Because of this prosthesis, the word becomes trisyllabic. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8tspe.de\/ &gt; \/\u02c8ets.pe.de\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Espede &gt; Espee, a later form of the word in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Middle French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, after complete lenition of the consonant \u201cd\u201d in the weak, intervocalic position, in an unstressed syllable. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8ets.pe.de\/ &gt; \/\u02c8ets.pe\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Espee &gt; \u00c9p\u00e9e, as is typical for French, the \u201cs\u201d is dropped (complete lenition), leaving just the \u201ce\u201d in the penultimate syllable. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The diacritic (accent aigu) marks the deletion of the consonant &lt;s&gt;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pronunciation: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8ets.pe\/ &gt; \/e.pe\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>In Text: Roi<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: Regem; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/re.gem\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regem &gt; Rege after lenition of the word-final consonant \u201cm\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/re.gem\/ &gt; \/re.ge\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rege &gt; Roie, as a \/g+e\/ sound, in this case, palatalizes to the palatal, approximant \/j\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/re.ge\/ &gt; \/roj\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Roie &gt; Ro<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">i<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; the word-final, high-mid, front, unrouned vowel \/e\/ is not pronounced and thus, is deleted. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While \u201cRoi\u201d is the final spelling in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Modern French, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">there is additional evolution of pronunciation from <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/roj\/ &gt; \/\u0281wa\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, as the grapheme \u201coi\u201d is pronounced \/oj\/ in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but \/wa\/ in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>In Text: Argent<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: Argentum; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/ar\u02c8\u0261en.tum\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Argentum &gt; Argent, after syncope and deletion of \/-um\/ in the unstressed syllable-final in the coda position.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/ar\u02c8\u0261en.tum\/ &gt; \/ar\u2019d\u0292en\/ &gt; \u00a0\/ar\u2019\u0292<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u0251\u0303<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This change occurs as a \u201cg + e\u201d palatal cluster would have been pronounced as the affricate, lingua-alveolar, voiced consonant \/d\u0292\/ in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but after palatalization, \u201cg+e\u201d is pronounced as the fricative, lingua-palatal, voiced consonant \/\u0292\/. Additionally, the final syllable is nasalized, so <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/-en\/ &gt; \/\u0292<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u0251\u0303<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>In Text: Prendre<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: Prehendere; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/pre.hen.de.re\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prehendere &gt; Prendere; because \u201ch\u201d is in a weak, intervocalic position, this made it susceptible to lenition. This would leave the word as \u201cPreendere\u201d, causign degemination of \/-ee-\/ to \/-e-\/ in the antepenultimate syllable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/pre.hen.de.re\/ &gt; \/pren.de.re\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prendere &gt; Prendre<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/pren.de.re\/ &gt; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/p\u0281\u0251\u0303d\u0281\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The last grammatical change we see in this word is syncope of the high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/ in the penultimate syllable. This is a standard change from Latin to French. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/-dere\/ &gt; \/dre\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In addition, the initial high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/ underoes nasalization to \/\u0251\u0303\/.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>In Text: Bouche<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: Bucca; \/\u02c8buk.ka\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bucca &gt; Bucce; \u00a0common evolution of the word final vowel low, center, unrounded vowel \u201ca\u201d to the high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \u201ce\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8buk.ka\/ &gt; \/\u2019buk.ke\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bucce &gt; Buce; degemination of the consonant \u201cc\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u2019buk.ke\/ &gt; \/\u2019bu.ke\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buce &gt; Buche (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old Frenc<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">h); epenthesis of the consonant \u201ch\u201d. At this point, the graphemes \u201cc +i\u201d would be pronounced as the affricative, alveolar, voiced consonant \/t\u0283\/. Additionally, the word-final vowel \u201ce\u201d would be pronounced as the high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u2019bu.ke\/ &gt; \/\u02c8baw.t\u0283e\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buche &gt; Bouche; prosthesis of the mid, back, unrounded vowel \u201co\u201d. The addition of this vowel causes dipthongization and the grapheme \u201cou\u201d is pronounced \/aw\/ at this stage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/\u02c8baw.t\u0283e\/ \u00a0&gt; \/bu\u0283\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">though the word is at its final Old French and Modern French spelling, it must undergo three more phonetic changes to evolve to its Modern French pronunciation. The grapheme \u201cou\u201d changes pronunciation to become the high, back, rounded vowel \/u\/. The grapheme \u201cch\u201d evolves in pronunciation from \/t\u0283\/ to the fricative, lingua-palatal, voiceless consonant \/\u0283\/. Finally, the word-final \u00a0high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/ is maintained in written form, but deleted completely in pronunciation. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>In Text: Jor<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: Diurnum; \/di\u02c8ur.num\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diurnum &gt; Jurnum, after palatalization of a \/d+j\/ sound to a \/d\u0292\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/di\u02c8ur.num\/ &gt; \/d\u0292ur.num\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jurnum &gt; Jurn (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), after complete lenition (deletion) of the unstressed syllable-final \/-um\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/d\u0292ur.num\/ &gt; \/d\u0292ur\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jurn &gt; Jorn (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">); evolution of the high, back vowel \u201cu\u201d to the high-mid, back vowel \u201co\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/d\u0292urn\/ &gt; \/d\u0292orn\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jorn &gt; Jor (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">); lenition of the syllable-final consonant \u201cn\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/d\u0292orn\/ &gt; \/d\u0292or\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jor &gt; Jour (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">); prosthesis of high, back vowel \u201cu\u201d. Additionally, as this word transitions from Old French to modern, the affricative, lingua-alveolar, voiced consonant \/d\u0292\/, represented by the graphemes \/j+o\/, becomes a fricative, lingua-palatal, voiced consonant, pronounced \/\u0292\/.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/d\u0292or\/ &gt; \/\u0292ur\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>In Text: Cit\u00e9<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: c\u012bvit\u0101tem; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/ki.wi.ta.tem\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C\u012bvit\u0101tem &gt; C\u012bvit\u0101t, after loss of word final \u201cm\u201d (\/m\/) and deletion of the mid, front, unrounded vowel \u201ce\u201d (\/e\/) in the final, unstressed syllable. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/ki.wi.ta.tem\/ &gt; \/ki.wi.tat\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C\u012bvit\u0101t &gt; Civt\u0101t, after syncope of the high, front, unrounded vowel \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/ki.wi.tat\/ &gt; \/kiw\u02c8tat\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Civt\u0101t \u00a0&gt; Ciutat (10th century <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), Note: the evolution of the grapheme \u201cv\u201d to \u201cu\u201d does not change pronunciation. The voiceless velar plosive \/k\/, represented by the grapheme \u201cc\u201d, with the addition of the high, front, unrounded vowel \u201ci\u201d (\u201cc + i\u201d), palatalizes to the affricate, alveolar, voiced consonant \/ts\/ in Old French. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/tsiw\u02c8tat\/ &gt; \/tsiw\u02c8tet\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ciutat &gt; Ciutet; evolution of the low, back, unrounded vowel \/a\/ to the high-mid, front, unrounded \/e\/ in the syllable final. Typically, this change would not take place, as the vowel \/a\/ in a blocked syllable in<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Latin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> would remain the same in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, unlike an \/a\/ in a free syllable, which would evolve to \/e\/.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/tsiw\u02c8tet\/ &gt; \/tsi\u02c8tet\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ciutet &gt; Citet (11th and 12th centuries <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">); this change is a result of syncope of the high, back, unrounded vowel \/u\/ the penultimate syllable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/tsiw\u02c8tet\/ &gt; \/tsi\u02c8tet\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Citet &gt; Cit\u00e9, after lenition of the word final voiceless alveolar stop \/t\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/tsi\u2019tet\/ &gt; \/tsi\u2019te\/<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There is an additional change as the word transitions from <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Old French <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern French<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The affricate, alveolar, voiced consonant \/ts\/ represented by the grapheme \u201cc (+ i)\u201d evolves in pronunciation to the fricative lingua-alveolar, voiceless consonant \/s\/.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\/tsi\u2019te\/ &gt; \/si\u2019te\/ (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern French)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>VERBAL MORPHOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Original Text:<\/strong> \u201cDon j\u00eb <\/span><b>ai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> puis a\u00fc grant dol\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: HABEO (Infinitive: habere)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hab\u0113re is a regular verb. The simple first, present, indicative \u201cai\u201d is derived directly from the Vulgar Latin \/ajo\/, which becomes \/aj\/ in Old French, which results in the regular Modern French [e] \u201cai\u201d. It is common for the cluster \/a+j\/ to become \/e\/ or &#8220;ai&#8221; in Modern Frenhc. The graphemes do not change from Old French to Modern French.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Original Text:<\/strong> \u201cEt verron com il <\/span><b>est <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">bendez.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: ESSE<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This verb (\u201cest\u201d) is the third-person, present form of the verb \u201cto be\u201d stemming from the Latin infinitive <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">esse.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> While the Latin <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">esse <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is irregular, it evolved in Vulgar Latin, becoming the Class III \/essere\/. The verb is arhizotonic and the third person, present form \u201cest\u201d remains stable and does not evolve in spelling from Latin to Modern French. Though it is an irregular auxiliary verb, it is not irregular in evolution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Original Text:<\/strong> \u201cSont <\/span><b>decendu <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">tuit troi a pi\u00e9.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latin: DESCENDO<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The verb \u201cdescendu\u201d is the past participle of the Old French \u201cdescendere\u201d (\/des\u02c8t\u0361s\u1ebdn.dr\u0259\/, and later, \/des\u02c8t\u0361s\u00e3n.dr\u0259\/). \u201cDescendere\u201d conjugates as a Class III verb and it is important to note that this verb varied in conjugation significantly depending on date and region. In this particular text, we can see this, as some lenition has happened to the fricative, alveolar, voiceless \/s\/. However, as this evolves to Modern French, the \/s\/ will return to become \u201cdescendu\u201d. \u00a0It undergoes regular change for Class III verbs and the past participle maintains the structure seen in Modern French that \u201c-re\u201d &gt; \u201cu\u201d \/u\/ in the past participle. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Original Text: &#8220;<\/strong><\/span>Apr\u00e8s <strong>manger<\/strong> deduire vunt&#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Latin:\u00a0MANDUCARE, present active infinitive of MANDUCO<i class=\"Latn mention\"><\/i><\/p>\n<p>The verb &#8220;manger&#8221;, meaning &#8220;to eat,&#8221; comes from the Latin <em>manducare<\/em>. &#8220;Manger&#8221; is an irregular form of the verb, as during this time, &#8220;mengier&#8221; and the less common &#8220;mangier.&#8221; The Modern French &#8220;manger&#8221; is a descendent of &#8220;mengier.&#8221;\u00a0Typically, <em>mangier<\/em> conjugates as a Class I verb ending in\u00a0<i>-ier<\/i>, with a palatal stem. These verbs are conjugated similarly to -er verbs, except there is an extra\u00a0<i>i<\/i>\u00a0appearing before the\u00a0<i>e<\/i>\u00a0of some endings.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Original Text:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;E <strong>partir<\/strong> vult ove Tristran&#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Latin: Partire<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Partir&#8221; conjugates\u00a0as both a Class II or Class II verb (ending in\u00a0<i>-ir<\/i>) depending upon circumstance. The Old French &#8220;partit&#8221; is derived from the Latin <em>partire<\/em>, which is the present active infinitive of <em>partio<\/em>. The structure of this verb is maintained through its evolution to a Modern French form &#8220;partir&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i class=\"Latn mention\"><\/i><b>NOUN AND ADJECTIVE MORPHOLOGY<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Original Text:<\/strong> \u201c<strong>Li<\/strong> rois pense que\u2026\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The definite article \u201cli\u201d Old French is a definite masculine article and the equivalent of \u00a0\u201cle\u201d in Modern French. Latin itself did not include definite articles, however \u201cli\u201d finds its origin in the Latin demonstrative <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ille <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ille<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). These demonstratives are responsible for giving rise to personal pronouns in French. The original role of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ille<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as an adjective has since evolved to the position of a definite article.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Original Text:<\/strong> &#8220;Sire, mot t&#8217;ai por <strong>lui<\/strong> am\u00e9&#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Modern French tonic third person pronoun \u201clui\u201d stems f<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">rom Vulgar Latin <em>ill\u016bi<\/em>, which is a form of Latin ill\u012b (the dative singular of ille). The -ui ending in Vulgar Latin illui is a result of the influence of cui (the dative singular of qui or quis). &#8220;Lui&#8221; is present in Old French, but in Modern French, it also takes the place of the Old French &#8220;il&#8221; and the dative singular &#8220;li&#8221; (both from Latin <em>illi<\/em>).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Original Text:<\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Ne ruis que de <strong>mei<\/strong> li sovienge !&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The Old French &#8220;mei&#8221; (pronounced \/mej\/ originates from the singular, first, non-subject form of the Latin <em>me <\/em>(\/me\/). This form undergoes normal transition and the dipthong \/ej\/ evolves into the Modern French &#8220;oi&#8221; \/wa\/. Thus, it arrives at its final form of the Modern French &#8220;moi&#8221; (\/mwa\/).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Original Text:<\/strong> \u201c<strong>Ja<\/strong> n&#8217;i e\u00fcsent vestement.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Old French \u201cja\u201d [d\u0292a] is derived from the unstressed form of the first person singular reflex <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ego <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in Latin. The first singular subject \u201cja\u201d is the equivalent of the Old French \u201cje\u201d, which evolved to the Modern French \u201cje\u201d \/[\u0292\u0259]\/.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Original Text:<\/strong> &#8220;De son mantel que <strong>vos<\/strong> diroie ? &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The Old French \u201cvos\u201d \/vots\/ is a personal pronoun in the accusative or dative form in Latin. &#8220;Vos&#8221; stems from the first, plural, non-subject Latin <em>vos<\/em>. In the evolution of \u201cvos\u201d \/vots\/ into Modern French, the fricative alveolar voiced \/ts\/ becomes the voiceless \/s\/ seen in the Modern form, and is later reduced to zero yielding \u201cvos\u201d \/vo\/. The word-final &#8220;s&#8221; \/s\/ is pronounced if there is a vowel immediately following it.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Original Text:<\/strong> &#8220;Dunt il a de <strong>bons <\/strong>e de bels&#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The Old French &#8220;bons&#8221; is the singular masculine nominative form of &#8220;bon&#8221;, derived from the Latin <em>bonus.\u00a0<\/em>&#8220;Bon&#8221; \/b\u00f5n\/ is a\u00a0Class I adjective, which requires a feminine singular form (nominative and oblique) ending in &#8220;<i>e&#8221;\u00a0<\/i>and\u00a0a masculine nominative singular ending in &#8220;<i>s&#8221;<\/i>. In Modern French, the \/o+n\/ causes nasalization and the word-final &#8220;n&#8221; is lost in pronunciation, except when followed by a vowel (\/b\u00f5n\/ becomes \/b\u0254\u0303\/).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Text: Branche Latin: Branca ; \/\u02c8bran.ka\/ Branca &gt; Brancha due to epenthesis of \u201ch\u201d in the final syllable \/\u02c8bran-ka\/ &gt; \/\u02c8bran-t\u0283a\/, \/-ka\/ in the final syllable becomes \/-t\u0283a\/ Brancha &gt; Branche (Old French) due to evolution of final vowel, the low, mid, unrounded \/a\/ to the high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/ \/\u02c8bran-t\u0283a\/ &gt; \/\u02c8br\u00e3n.t\u0283\u0259\/ &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/2019\/04\/29\/etymological-context-2\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Etymological Comment<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1244,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chimene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1244"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=448"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":655,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448\/revisions\/655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}