{"id":577,"date":"2019-05-04T08:00:35","date_gmt":"2019-05-04T08:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/?p=577"},"modified":"2019-05-05T21:10:09","modified_gmt":"2019-05-05T21:10:09","slug":"historical-linguistic-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/2019\/05\/04\/historical-linguistic-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical Linguistic Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Phonetic analysis<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n

INTER [\u026an.t\u025br] > entre [en.t\u027ee]<\/h4>\n

The stressed vowel is the short vowel \u01d0. It comes from the penultimate \u01d0n, with the light vowel \u01d0 being stressed.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. There is syncope of the unstressed vowel \u0115
    \nINTER [\u026an.t\u025br] > INTR [\u026an.tr]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
    1. Stressed \/\u01d0 \/ > \/e\/ following the regular evolution of the short \u01d0, becoming the high mid front \/e\/
      \nINTR \/Intr\/ > entr \/entr\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        \n
      1. Epenthesis of word final e to support pronunciation of the three-consonant cluster
        \nentr \/entr\/ > \/entre\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        CING\u0114RE [k\u026an.g\u025b.re] > \u00c7inxer [tsinxer]> ce\u00f1ir [se.\u0272i\u027e]<\/h4>\n

        The stressed vowel is the antepenultimate \u01d0. It comes from the antepenultimate c\u01d0n, given that the penultimate syllable is free the vowel \u0115 is not heavy, making the antepenultimate blocked syllable the stressed one.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. The word initial voiceless velar \/k\/ plus front vowel becomes the voiceless alveolar affricate \/ts\/ due to palatalization and is represented by <\u00e7>
          \nCING\u0114RE \/kind\u0292\u025br\/ > \u00c7ING\u0114RE \/tsi\u026an.g\u025b.re]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          2. Loss of word final e in Spanish
          \n\u00c7ingere \/tsin.g\u025b.re] > \u00c7inger \/tsin.g\u025b.r]<\/p>\n

          3. In the process of palatalization \/g\/ plus front vowel results in \/j\/
          \n\u00c7inger \/tsin.g\u025b.r] > \u00c7inger \/tsin.j\u025b.r]<\/p>\n

          4. The nasal consonant \/n\/ plus \/j\/ creates \/nj\/ which can result in two outcomes: [\u0272] and [x].\u00a0 both of which we see in the original text and the modern reflection. In old Spanish
          \n\u00c7inger \/tsin.j\u025b.r] > \u00c7inxer \/tsi.x\u025b.r]
          \nIn modern Spanish we see that the palatal consonant \/\u0272\/ arises when a yod comes after the nasal consonant \/n\/.
          \n\u00c7inxer \/tsi.x\u025b.r] > \u00c7i\u00f1er \/tsi.x\u025b.r]<\/p>\n

          5. The stressed \/\u01d0 \/ > \/e\/ following the regular evolution of the short \u01d0, becoming the high mid front \/e\/
          \n\u00c7i\u00f1er \/tsi. \u0272\u025b.r] > \u00c7e\u00f1er \/tse. \u0272\u025b.r]<\/p>\n

          6.\u00a0 Short \u0115 in latin becomes \/\u025b\/ in proto romance and then dypthongizes in Spanish to become \/je\/ , however because of the existing yod from pallatalization it is an exemption became the modern Spanish reflex is \/i\/
          \n\u00c7e\u00f1er \/tse. \u0272\u025b.r] > \u00c7e\u00f1er \/tse. \u0272i.r]<\/p>\n

          7. There is loss of the allophonic voicing distinction so [ts] neutralize to the voiceless alveolar affricate \/ts\/ which then deaffricates, ending up as the fricative alveolar consonant \/s\/. \u00a0It is important to note that however, in In certain regional varieties of Spanish at the stage where [ts] was an allophone reducing to \/ts\/, this sound was further front to the Fricative interdental voiceless \/\u019f\/. This leads to \/ts\/ disassimilating to continue to be a different phoneme from all the other ones whose places of articulation are too close together. In this case we have the primary evolution to \/s\/ .\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00c7e\u00f1er \/tse. \u0272\u025b.r] > \u00c7e\u00f1er \/se. \u0272i.r]<\/p>\n

          SPATHA [spa.t\u02b0a] > espada \/ [es\u02c8pa\u00f0a]<\/h4>\n

          The stressed vowel is the penultimate \/a\/, given that we cannot distinguish from the long and short vowel quanity we rely on the fact that this word has only two syllables, and the ultimate syllable is not the stressed, then we know the penultimate spa is the stressed syllable.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Epenthesis of the prosthetic vowel \/e\/
            \nSPATHA [spa.t\u02b0a] > espatha [espa.t\u02b0a]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            2. Loss of the grapheme h due to its lack of pronunciation in Popular Latin.
            \nespatha \/\u025bspat\u02b0a\/ > espata \/espata\/<\/p>\n

            3. Lenition of intervocalic consonant t, voiceless stopped becomes fricative \/\u00f0\/
            \nespata \/\u025bspata\/ > espada \/espa\u00f0a\/<\/p>\n

            MULIER \/mu.li.er\/ or MULIERES \/mu.li.er.es\/ \u00a0> muglier \/m\u0169\u0292\u025b\u027e \/> mujer \/muxe\u027e\/<\/h4>\n

            In the form of the noun MULIER he stressed vowel is the penultimate \u016a, given the two syllables of the word and its blocked position. However, it is important to note the stress shift that we see in the modern reflex from the penultimate <mu> to the ultimate <jer>. This exception can be explained by the fact that actually the word mujer comes from the genitive form MULIERIS, with the stress in the penultimate <lie> .<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \/s\/ > zero in word-final position
              \nMULIERES \/mu.li.er.es\/ > MULIERE \/mu.li.er.e\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              2. Loss of word final e in Spanish
              \nMULIERE \/mu.li.er.e\/ > Mulier \/mulier\/<\/p>\n

              3. The vowel hiatus was not preferred in Popular Latin pronunciation so in order to resolve this issue, the first vowel \/i\/ becomes a glide \/j\/, resulting in a yod
              \nMulier \/mulier\/ > Mulier \/muljer\/<\/p>\n

              4.The intervocalic \/l\/ is followed by a front vowel that becomes a yod, it becomes the lateral palatal [\u028e], which leads us to the Old Spanish reflex of the word
              \nMulier \/muljer\/ > Muglier \/mul\u028eer\/<\/p>\n

              5. However, given the new phoneme developments during Old Spanish, this \/lj\/ cluster had competing evolutions. The Old Spanish reflex shows one evolution, however, given that the sequence of \/je\/ if unstressed, reduces to \/e\/ and in Spanish, the \/lj\/ becomes the affricate\/fricative post-alveolar \/\u0292\/ with the grapheme representation <ge>
              \nMulier \/muljer\/ > Muger \/mu\u0292er\/<\/p>\n

              6.\u00a0This last version of the word is the reflex that won of the two competing evolutions, which is why we see that \/\u0292\/ became the fricative velar voiceles \/x\/ in Modern Spanish
              \nMuger \/mu\u0292er\/ > Mujer \/mux\u025br\/<\/p>\n

              GENTEM \/gentem\/ > yente \/jente\/ > gente \/xente\/<\/h4>\n

              The stressed vowel is the penultimate \u0112. Given its blocked postition this signals that it is the stressed vowel. The stressed vowel \u0112 follows regular evolution to \/e\/.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Loss of word-final \/m\/
                \nGENTEM \/gentem\/ > Gente \/gente\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                2. Word initial \/g\/ before frontal vowel palatalized into \/j\/ in old Spanish
                \nGente \/gente\/ > Yente \/jente\/<\/p>\n

                3. In modern spanish the merger of \/g\/ before front vowels, \/j\/ assimilates to a following back vowel, giving \/x\/.as in joven.
                \nYente \/jente\/ > gente \/xente\/<\/p>\n

                DAMNUM [dam.num] > da\u00f1o [\u02c8da.\u0272o]<\/h4>\n

                The stressed vowel is the penultimate \u0100. Given its blocked postion this signals that it is the stressed vowel. The stressed vowel follows regular evolution.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Loss of word final \/m\/
                  \nDAMNUM \/\u00f0amnum\/ > Damnu \/\u00f0amnu\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  2. Word final \/u\/>\/o\/
                  \nDamnu \/\u00f0amnu\/ > Damno \/\u00f0amno\/<\/p>\n

                  3. Regressive assimilation of the \/mn\/ cluster gives \/n:\/ which in spanish results in \/\u0272\/
                  \nDamno \/\u00f0amno\/> da\u00f1o \/\u00f0a\u0272o\/<\/p>\n

                  CAECUS \/kajkus\/ >\u00c7iego \/tsje.\u0263o\/ > ciego \/ \u02c8sje.\u0263o\/<\/h4>\n

                  The stressed syllable is the penultimate cae. The stressed vowel is the dipthong AE (one of the only 3 dipthongs in Latin), making a long vowel signaling that it is stressed.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. The fricative alveolar voiceless \/s\/ > zero in word-final position
                    \nCAECUS \/kajkus\/> Caecu \/ka\u025bku\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    2. Word final \/u\/ > \/o\/
                    \nCaecu \/ka\u025bku\/ > Caeco \/ka\u025bko\/<\/p>\n

                    3. Lenition of intervocalic consonant \u00a0voiceless stop velar \/k\/ becomes fricative \/\u0263\/
                    \nCaecu \/ka\u025bku\/>Caego \/ka\u025b\u0263o\/<\/p>\n

                    4.\u00a0\u00a0The diphthong \/aj\/ yields low mid \/\u025b\/ in vulgar latin and then evolves into \/je\/ in modern spanish represented by the grapheme <ie>
                    \nCaego \/ka\u025b\u0263o\/ > Ciego \/kj\u025b\u0263o\/<\/p>\n

                    5. \/k\/ before \/i\/ and \/e\/ became \/ts\/ , which lead to the voiceless alveolar affricate \u00a0[ts] in old Spanish
                    \nCiego \/kj\u025b\u0263o\/ > \u00c7iego \/tsj\u025b\u0263o\/<\/p>\n

                    6. \/ts\/ de-affricates, resulting in the fricative alveolar voiceless consonant \/s\/ . It is important to note that however, in In certain regional varieties of Spanish at the stage where [ts] was an allophone reducing to \/ts\/, this sound was further front to the Fricative interdental voiceless \/\u019f\/. This leads to \/ts\/ disassimilating to continue to be a different phoneme from all the other ones whose places of articulation are too close together. In this case we have the primary evolution to \/s\/
                    \n\u00c7iego \/tsj\u025b\u0263o\/> Ciego \/sje\u0263o\/<\/p>\n

                    PLAC\u01cfTUM \/\/\u02c8pla.ki.tum\/ > plazdo \/plaz\u00f0o\/ > plazo \/plaso\/<\/h4>\n

                    The stressed vowel is the antepenultimate \u0100.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Loss of word final \/m\/
                      \nPLAC\u01cfTUM \/plakitum\/ > PLAC\u01cfTU \/plakitu\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      2. Lenition of intervocalic consonant \/t\/, voiceless stopped becomes fricative \/\u00f0\/
                      \nPLAC\u01cfTU \/plakitu\/> Placidu \/plaki\u00f0u\/<\/p>\n

                      3.Word final \/u\/ > \/o\/
                      \nPlacidu \/plaki\u00f0u\/ > Placido \/plaki\u00f0o\/<\/p>\n

                      4. \/k\/ before \/i\/ becomes the fricative alveolar voiced [z] between vowels in old Spanish
                      \nPlacido \/plake\u00f0o\/> Plazido \/plazi\u00f0o\/<\/p>\n

                      5. Syncope of unstressed vowel \/i\/
                      \nPlazido \/plazi\u00f0o\/> Plazdo \/plaz\u00f0o\/<\/p>\n

                      6.The consonant cluster \/zd\/ was unfavorable in pronunciation and was resolved by metathesis
                      \nPlazdo \/plaz\u00f0o\/ > Pladzo \/pla\u00f0zo\/<\/p>\n

                      7. Assimilation of\u00a0 the two fricative consonants the alveolar voiced \/z\/ and \/\u00f0\/ to the fricative alveolar voiceless \/s\/ . The allophonic distinction is lost so it deaffricates, leading to the fricative alveolar voiceless consonant \/s\/. In certain varieties, however, the stage where [ts] was an allophone reducing to \/ts\/, this sound was further front to the Fricative interdental voiceless \/\u019f\/, which we see in ceceo varities in particular.
                      \nPlazdo \/plaz\u00f0o\/>Plazo \/plaso\/<\/p>\n

                      DIRECTU : \/di\u02d0\u02c8rek.tu\/ [di\u02d0\u02c8r\u025bk.t\u028as]> derecho \/d\u025b.\u02c8\u027ee.\u02a7o\/<\/h4>\n

                      The stressed syllable is the penultimate REC, with the stressed vowel being the long \u0113. Given the long vowel and blocked position, this is the stressed syllable and vowel.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Word final \/u\/ to \/o\/
                        \nDIRECTU \/direktu\/ > DIRECTO \/direkto\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        2. The velar plus dental \/kt\/ through the process of palatalization creates\u00a0 the affricative post-alveolar voiced consonant \/\u02a7\/
                        \nDirecto \/direkto\/ > Direcho \/dire\u02a7o\/<\/p>\n

                        3. The unstressed antipenultimate vowel \u012d follows normal evolution and becomes \/e\/
                        \nDirecho \/dere\u02a7o\/ > Derecho \/dere\u02a7o\/<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        OBLITARE \/o.bli.ta.re\/ \u00a0> olvidar \/ol.\u03b2i.\u00f0a\u027e\/<\/h4>\n

                        The stressed vowel is the penultimate\u00a0 \u0100<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Lenition of intervocalic \/t\/ to\u00a0 \/\u00f0\/
                          \nOBLITARE \/oblitare\/ > Oblidare \/obli\u00f0are\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          2. Metathesis of consonant cluster BL to LB
                          \nOblidare \/obli\u00f0are\/ > Olbidare \/olbi\u00f0are\/<\/p>\n

                          3. The word-medial cluster \/bl\/ in spanish does not palatalzie, it only shows lenition. The only main change we see is a change in the grapheme.<\/p>\n

                          4. Loss of word final e in Spanish
                          \nOlvidare \/ol\u03b2i\u00f0are\/ > Olvidar \/ol\u03b2i\u00f0ar\/<\/p>\n

                          REGNUM \/re\u0261.num\/ > reyno [rejno] > reino\u00a0\/r\u025bno\/<\/h4>\n

                          The stressed vowel is the penultimate\u00a0 \u0112.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. The stressed short vowel \u0115 follows normal evolution becoming \/\u025b\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            2. Loss of word-final \/m\/
                            \nREGNUM \/r\u025b\u0263num\/ > Regnu \/r\u025b\u0263nu\/<\/p>\n

                            3. Word final \/u\/ to \/o\/
                            \nRegnu \/r\u025b\u0263nu\/ > Regno \/r\u025b\u0263no\/<\/p>\n

                            4. The cluster \/gn\/ consisting of velar dental consonants experiences further leniton to become \/\u028e\/
                            \nRegno \/r\u025bgno\/ > Reyno \/r\u025b\u028eno\/<\/p>\n

                            5. Diphthongization of \/ei\/ to form \/\u025bj\/
                            \nReyno \/r\u025b\u028eno\/ > Reino \/r\u025bjno\/<\/p>\n

                            PARADISUS \/pa.ra. di.sus\/ > paradiso \/para\u00f0iso\/ >para\u00edso \/paraiso\/<\/h4>\n

                            The stressed vowel is the penultimate \u012a.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. \/s\/ > zero in word-final position
                              \nPARAD\u012aSUS \/paradisus\/ > Paradisu \/paradisu\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              2.\u00a0The original intervocalic voiced stop \/d\/ undergoes lenition and becomes the fricative voiced stop \/\u00f0\/
                              \nParadisu \/paradisu\/ > Paradisu \/para\u00f0isu\/<\/p>\n

                              3. Word final \/u\/ to \/o\/
                              \nParadisu \/para\u00f0isu\/ > Paradiso \/para\u00f0iso\/<\/p>\n

                              4. Complete lenition of intervocalic fricative\u00a0 \/\u00f0\/
                              \nParadiso \/para\u00f0iso\/ > Para\u00edso \/paraiso\/<\/p>\n

                              \n

                              Analysis of the verbal morphology<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n

                              \u201c-\u00a1Mart\u00edn Antol\u00ednez, sodes ardida lan\u00e7a, 79<\/span>
                              \nsi yo bivo, doblarvos he la soldada!\u201d 80 (ch 6)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              \u00a0ESTIS > sodes > sois.
                              \n<\/strong>To be is one of the frequently used verbs that became irregular in all three reflexes. Specifically, in the evolution of second plural form of the Latin verb ESTIS shows the process of analogy. Given the present indicative forms of the Latin verb were sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt, the evolution of the Latin second plural form ESTIS to SUTIS to sodes in Old Spanish shows analogy to the forms SUM, SUMUS, and SUNT. In Old Spanish there was lenition of intervocalic \/t\/ to \/\u00f0\/ resulting in the Old Spanish form of the verb, sodes \/so\u00f0\u025bs\/. The short U in Latin follows the regular process of evolution to becoming \/o\/ with the grapheme o. In Modern Spanish, the Old Spanish form of the verb, sodes \/so\u00f0\u025bs\/ is replaced by the syncopated sois after the complete lenition of the intervocalic \/\u00f0\/.<\/p>\n

                              De Castiella vos ides pora las yentes estranas, 176 (ch 10)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              \u012atis > Ides v\u0101ditis > vais
                              \n<\/strong>The verb \u2018to go\u2019 is one that is irregular in all three reflexes. In the case of the verb ir in Spanish, it exemplifies suppletion, which is the convergence of formerly unrelated forms into one paradigm. We can see this clearly in this text with the presence of the Old Spanish version of the verb.<\/p>\n

                              The modern infinitive version of the verb ir is derived from the latin verb \u012aRE, however, it\u2019s modern indicative present forms are derived from the Latin verb VAD\u0114RE.<\/p>\n

                              It is likely that Old Spanish, given its more conservative nature, more closely followed the Latin \u012aRE, which we see in this example. The second plural form of the verb in Latin results in \u012btis. Lenition of intervocalic \/t\/ to \/\u00f0\/ results in the Old Spanish form of the verb, ides \/i\u00f0\u025bs\/.<\/p>\n

                              In modern Spanish, the Old Spanish form of the verb, ides \/i\u00f0\u025bs\/ is replaced by the syncopated reflex of V\u0100D\u01cfT\u01cfS, vais.
                              \n\u25cf Syncope of the unstressed syllable D\u01cf
                              \n\u25cb V\u0100D\u01cfT\u01cfS > V\u0100T\u01cfS
                              \n\u25cf Complete lenition of intervocalic fricative \/t\/
                              \n\u25cb V\u0100T\u01cfS > V\u0100\u01cfS<\/p>\n

                              Indicative present<\/strong>
                              \ne\u014d\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u012bmus
                              \n\u012bs\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u012btis
                              \nit\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 eunt<\/p>\n

                              v\u0101d\u014d\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 v\u0101dimus
                              \nv\u0101dis\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0v\u0101ditis
                              \nv\u0101dit\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0v\u0101dunt<\/p>\n

                              Cuando lo sopo mio Ci del de Bivar (295 ch 18)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              SAP\u01d3\u012a [sapwi]> Sope [sope] > supe [supe]<\/strong>
                              \nThis example displays the effects of metaphony. The word final diphthong exerted a harmonizing effect on the stressed penultimate vowel A. The effect of this metaphony is to create the sound [aw], creating the form [sawpe]. In old Spanish this [aw] evolved into [o], resulting in [sope] Sope. Given that this verb is an example of a strong preterite, it experienced analogy of the [o] becoming a high vowel [u]. This resulted in the modern form of the verb, supe [supe].<\/p>\n

                              Sac\u00f3 el pie del estribera, una ferida l\u2019 dava; 38<\/span>
                              \nnon se abre la puerta, ca bien cerrada. 39 (ch 4)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              Aperit >abre – aperuit> abri\u00f3<\/strong>
                              \nThe preterit tense was a completely new addition to the original Latin verb system, it did not exist. For this reason, this example shows the use of the indicative present in the Old Spanish form of the Latin verb APERIT. This form followed standard sound changes such as lenition of the intervocalic \/p\/ to \/b\/, syncope of the unstressed vowel \/e\/, deletion of the word final <t>, and evololution of word final \/i\/ to \/e\/.<\/p>\n

                              In the modern Spanish reflex of the word, we see the development of the preterit tense. The modern Spanish reflex of the word follows the same sound changes as the Old Spanish, but in addition, we have the appearance of the preterit ending, which was formed from the Latin indicative perfect form of the word APERUIT. Similarly, to the class I stress shifts, here there is a stress shift from I to U, which resulted in the ending i\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                              aper\u012bre
                              \nModern: preterit
                              \nIndicative perfect
                              \naperu\u012b\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0aperuimus
                              \naperuist\u012b\u00a0 \u00a0 aperuistis
                              \naperuit\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0aperu\u0113runt<\/p>\n

                              Indicative present
                              \naperi\u014d\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 aper\u012bmus
                              \naper\u012bs\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0aper\u012btis
                              \naperit\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 aperiunt<\/p>\n

                              Non vos osariemos abrir nin coger por nada;<\/span>
                              \nsi non, perderiemos los averes e las casas.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              perd\u0115re hab\u0113b\u0101mus > Perderiemos > perder\u00edamos<\/strong>
                              \nAnother new form that did not exist in classical latin that was formed with the romance reflexes was the conditional mood. This was a result of a combination of the infinitives and participles to express a future in the past. In this case, the Old Spanish shows a proto-future form of the verb, which later would be represented by the conditional. In old Spanish, perd\u0115re was combined with hab\u0113mus, which resulted in perd\u0115re + \u0113mus, which led to the Old Spanish reflex perderiemos. In the modern Spanish reflex, we see the presence of the conditional which was formed by combining perd\u0115re and hab\u0113b\u0101mus, Perd\u0115re+\u0113b\u0101mus (eamus), resulted in the modern conditional form perder\u00edamos.<\/p>\n

                              habe\u014d\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 hab\u0113mus
                              \nhab\u0113s\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 hab\u0113tis
                              \nhabet\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 habent<\/p>\n

                              Perd\u0115re hab\u0113bam\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Perd\u0115re hab\u0113b\u0101mus
                              \nPerd\u0115re hab\u0113b\u0101s\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Perd\u0115re hab\u0113b\u0101tis
                              \nPerd\u0115re hab\u0113bat\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Perd\u0115re hab\u0113bant<\/p>\n

                              Perd\u0115re *[ea]
                              \nPerd\u0115re *[eas]
                              \nPerd\u0115re *[eat]
                              \nPerd\u0115re *[eamus]
                              \nPerd\u0115re *[eatis]
                              \nPerd\u0115re *[eant]<\/p>\n

                              as\u00ed lo an asmado e metudo en carta:<\/span>
                              \nvendido les \u00e1 Alocer por tres mil marcos de plata. 845 (ch 44)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              MITTERE >MISSU> METTUTO >Metudo>Metido<\/strong>
                              \nThis displays the process of weakening of strong participles that took place as the Romance reflexes evolved. The verb MITTERE, a class III verb, did not have a past participle; however, in popular Latin when class III began to evolve into class II verbs, they evolved into UTU participles. Modern Spanish eliminated the udo ending for the ido ending.<\/p>\n

                              \n

                              Analysis of the noun and adjective morphology<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n

                              La cabe\u00e7a tornando va<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              Caput \/\u02c8ka.put\/ + itia \/\u02c8i.ti.a\/ > capitia \/kapitia\/ > cabe\u00e7a \/ka\u02c8\u03b2etsia\/ > cabeza \/ka\u02c8\u03b2e\u03b8a\/
                              \nPhrase evolution:
                              \n<\/strong>The Classical Latin noun for the word \u201chead\u201d was caput (third declension, accusative, neuter). However, in Vulgar Latin the noun-forming suffix -itia(first declension, feminine) was added to the end of the word. Given that this ending is used to form nouns describing the condition of something, this is not the normal evolution of this word. Nonetheless, this created the Vulgar Latin form of the word capitia. Thus the original neuter form of the word was analyzed as a feminine singular noun in Vulgar latin, leading to it\u2019s addition to the feminine gender in Spanish. Spanish lost the case system of Latin, thus favoring the accusative form.<\/p>\n

                              Sound changes:
                              \n<\/strong>The stressed vowel is the long antepenultimate \u0101\u00a0 \/a\/.The classical latin noun for \u201chead\u201d was caput \/\u02c8ka.put\/, but in vulgar latin the ending \/itia\/ (an abstract noun-forming suffix) was added to the end of the word. This created the vulgar latin form of the word capitia \/kapitia\/.\u00a0 The unstressed short vowel \u01d0 follows the regular spanish evolution to the high mid front vowel \/e\/, creating capetia \/kapetia\/. After lenition, the original voiceless stop \/p\/ becomes the fricative \/\u03b2\/ in Spanish, resulting in cabetia \/ka\u03b2etia\/. In Spanish, \/tj\/ plus front vowel became \/ts\/ in Old Spanish, forming cabe\u00e7a \/ka\u02c8\u03b2etsa\/. Finally, \/ts\/ was further fronted to the modern z \/\u03b8\/, creating the current Spanish reflex: ka\u02c8\u03b2e\u03b8a\/<\/p>\n

                              D\u2019este pan<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              P\u0101nis \/\u02c8pa\u02d0.nis\/<\/p>\n

                              ISTE [\u02c8\u026as.t\u025b]
                              \nMasculine
                              \nGenitive
                              \nThird declension<\/p>\n

                              Phrase<\/strong> evolution:
                              \n<\/strong>The third declension does keep some of its former neuters, such as MARE > mar. Parisyllabic are those whose stem has the same number of syllables throughout the declension (PANIS), and unlike their imparisyllabic counterparts parisyllables did not need to be leveled which is why we do not see this change. This word is reclassified from the third to the second declension once the third declension began to disappear, becoming a masculine singular verb in modern Spanish. The demonstrative \u201ceste\u201d comes from the latin demonstrative HIC for \u201cthis\u201d. However, all the romance languages replaced HIC with the 2nd person ISTE\/U instead. The genitive case began to dissolve even in early latin because it could be replaced by DE + noun. This was one of the steps in the evolution of Latin\u2019s six cases to two cases. We see this here with the use of the phrase \u201cd\u2019este\u201d a combination of de +este.<\/p>\n

                              Sound changes:
                              \n<\/strong>For the word, P\u0101nis \/\u02c8pa\u02d0.nis\/ the stressed vowel is the penultimate a, which is heavy \u0101 \/a\/. Knowing this, we can identify syncope of the unstressed vowel \/i\/ resulting in the form \/\u02c8pa\u02d0.ns\/. Then \/s\/ > zero in word-final position, leading to\u00a0 \/pan\/.<\/p>\n

                              For the word, iste the stressed vowel is the penultimate i, which is light \u012d. Following the normal progression for a light \u012d, this becomes \/e\/ , leading to the modern spanish reflex \/este\/.<\/p>\n

                              De rica piel<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              Pellis\u00a0 >[\u02c8p\u025bl.l\u026as] > pielle \/pj\u025blle\/ > piel \/pj\u025bl\/<\/strong>
                              \nFeminine
                              \nThird declension
                              \nGenitive
                              \nSingular<\/p>\n

                              Phrase evolution:
                              \n<\/strong>The genitive case began to dissolve even in early latin because it could be replaced by DE + noun. This was one of the steps in the evolution of Latin\u2019s six cases to two cases. Old Spanish lost the case marking system. In modern spanish the DE before the noun is completely lost. Just as in modern spanish, Latin adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.<\/p>\n

                              Sound changes:
                              \n<\/strong>The stressed vowel is the short penultimate \u011b\u00a0 \/\u025b\/. This vowel follows the normal short \u011b vowel evolution to \/\u025b\/ to [je] \u201cie\u201d in Old Spanish, creating piellis \/pj\u025bll\u026as\/. The short unstressed \u01d0 follows the normal evolution becoming \/e\/ in proto romance, forming \/pj\u025blles\/. Then \/s\/ > zero in word-final position, leading to\u00a0 \/pj\u025blles\/. The long consonant \/l:\/ degeminated becoming a plain consonant \/l\/. There is also loss of word-final vowel \/e\/ in the modern Spanish reflex, resulting in\u00a0 piel \/pj\u025bl\/.<\/p>\n

                              Mostrando los mir\u00e1culos <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

                              M\u012br\u0101culum
                              \nAccusative
                              \nNeuter
                              \nSecond declension<\/p>\n

                              Phrase evolution:
                              \n<\/strong>Latin had no definite article, but pre-Romance speech was already creating one from the demonstrative ILLE. By the time of the earliest Romance documents definite article is a fully grammatized category. Used as a definite article, ILLE was unstressed. In Spanish, under this condition LL reduces to [l]. This yields ele, ela, elos, elas. These words eventually lose the front vowel \/e\/, except for ele which loses the word-final e, which follows the typically pattern of a word final vowel, making la an exception. In the evolution from three to two genders, neuters of the second declension easily became masculine (considering the typical loss of word final m), leading to Miraculum to become a masculine word rather than a neutral word.<\/p>\n

                              Sound changes:
                              \n<\/strong>M\u012br\u0101culum \/mi\u02d0\u02c8ra\u02d0.ku.lum\/\u00a0 > mir\u00e1culo \/mi\u02c8ra.ku.lu\/ > milagro [mi\u02c8la\u0263\u027eo]
                              \nThe stressed vowel is the antepenultimate heavy \u0101 \/a\/. The word final \/m\/ > zero and then the free word short \u016d follows the typical evolution in proto romance to \/o\/, creating miraculo. Given the presence of the heavy word initial \u012b, a stress accent is added to \/a\/ to distinguish the stressed vowel, creating mir\u00e1culo \/mi\u02c8ra.ku.lo\/. The intervocalic \/r\/ undergoes lentiion resulting in \/l\/. There is syncope of the unstressed vowel u \/u\/, resulting in [mi\u02c8lakro]. The consonant cluster \/kr\/ results in palatalization of the \/k\/ resulting in the replacement with the consonant \/\u0263\/, creating the modern reflex milagro [mi\u02c8la\u0263\u027eo].<\/p>\n

                              Cuando oy nos partimos.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              N\u014ds
                              \nNominative and accusative plural of ego: we, us<\/p>\n

                              Phrase evolution:
                              \n<\/strong>In classical latin, all of the\u00a0 personal pronouns could stand on their own. However, this changed with Romance, which created a new category of pronouns known as clitics, which cannot stand alone and which behave more like verb affixes than like full-fledged words. Nos is an example of an atonic or clitic pronoun which cannot stand alone. From NOS VOS come Old Spanish nos vos. In some Old Spanish reflexes we see n\u00f3s and \u00f3s, however this is not the case here.\u00a0 The nosotros currently used in Modern Spanish evolved from the latin N\u014ds plus from NOS VOS plus ALTRO (alter\u014ds), originally highlight contrast with some other referent which has been now lost. Spanish only uses subject pronouns for emphasis. Otherwise, its atonic subject pronouns are omitted. In this case we see that there is emphasis on the fact that WE will leave, which is why the subject pronoun is included.<\/p>\n

                              Sound changes:
                              \n<\/strong>\/nos\/ +\/\u02c8al.ter\u014ds\/,> \/no\u02c8sotros\/
                              \nThe stressed vowels are the only vowel in nos and the ultimate heavy \u014d in alteros. With the combination of these two words ( nosalteros ), we first have loss of the unstressed vowel \/a\/ resulting in \/nosl.ter\u014ds\/. In order to resolve the three consonant cluster \u2018slt\u2019, the inter consonantal \/l\/ is lost to syncope, resulting in \/noster\u014ds\/. We then have syncope of the unstressed vowel \/e\/ resulting in \/noster\u014ds\/. In order to resolve the cononant cluster, \/o\/ is added resulting in\u00a0 \/no\u02c8sotros\/.<\/p>\n

                              Redondo, fuerte e grand.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                              Phrase evolution:
                              \n<\/strong>Adjectives that belonged to the Latin third declension are easily recognized in Spanish because they have no gender contrast. Fuerte and grand are examples of this. Meanwhile Redondo displays characteristics of a second declension adjective that does distinguish gender.<\/p>\n

                              Sound changes:
                              \n<\/strong>Grandis \/\u0261ran.d\u026as\/ > \/\u0261\u027eand\/ > \/\u0261\u027eande\/
                              \nThe stressed vowel is the penultimate heavy \/a\/. \/s\/ > zero in word-final position, leading to\u00a0 \/\u0261\u027eandi\/. Word final vowel \/i\/ is lost to syncope resulting in \/\u0261\u027eand\/. Finally, word final \/e\/ is added to help in pronunciation of the nasal cluster \/nd\/, creating \u0261\u027eande\/.<\/p>\n

                              Fortis \/\u02c8f\u0254r.t\u026as\/> fuerte [\u02c8fwerte]
                              \nThe stressed vowel is the penultimate light \u01d2. This vowel follows the natural progression to\/\u0254\/ in SPanish, resulting in the grapheme change to ue.\u00a0\u00a0 \/s\/ > zero in word-final position, leading to \/\u02c8f\u0254r.t\u026a\/. The short \u01d0 becomes \/e\/ following its normal evolution in Spanish, leading to the modern spanish reflex\u00a0 [\u02c8fwerte].<\/p>\n

                              Rotundus [ro\u02c8t\u0254n.d\u0254s] > Redondo [re\u02c8\u00f0ondo]
                              \nThe stressed vowel is the anti penultimate heavy \u014d. The unstressed \u01d4 and \u01d2 follows normal evolution in spanish and become \/o\/, leading to [ro\u02c8tondo]. The intervocalic \/t\/ experiences lenition and becomes the fricative voiceless \/\u00f0\/. Finally, the stressed vowel \u014d is an exception as it becomes \/e\/, which is not it\u2019s typical evolution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              Phonetic analysis INTER [\u026an.t\u025br] > entre [en.t\u027ee] The stressed vowel is the short vowel \u01d0. It comes from the penultimate \u01d0n, with the light vowel \u01d0 being stressed. There is syncope of the unstressed vowel \u0115 INTER [\u026an.t\u025br] > INTR [\u026an.tr] Stressed \/\u01d0 \/ > \/e\/ following the regular evolution of the short \u01d0, becoming … Continue reading Historical Linguistic Analysis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1222,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lyuba"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1222"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=577"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/577\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":664,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/577\/revisions\/664"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/historyoftheromancelanguages2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}