1) ADCAPT\u0100VIT \/ad.kap.ta.wit\/> acata \/a.ka.t\u01dd\/ > acheta \/a\u0283\u01ddt\/<\/p>\n
AD|CAP|T\u0100V|IT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acheter<\/em>: to buy<\/p>\n ADCAPT\u0100VIT \/ad.kap.ta.wit\/ > Acat\u0101vi \/a.ka.ta.wi\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Complete lenition of syllable-final consonants \/d\/, \/p\/ and \/t\/ in coda position.<\/p>\n Acat\u0101vi \/a.ka.ta.wi\/ > acata \/a.ka.ta\/<\/p>\n B – Lenition of consonant \/w\/ in unprotected intervocalic position, and loss of final vowel \/i\/.<\/p>\n Acata \/a.ka.ta\/ > Acata \/a.ka.t\u01dd\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Word-final \/a\/ becomes the mid central \/\u01dd\/.<\/p>\n Acata \/a.ka.t\u01dd\/ > Acheta \/at\u0283\u01ddt\u01dd\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Plosive velar voiceless \/k\/ in palatal cluster \/ka\/ evolves into the new affricate palatal voiceless \/t\u0283\/.<\/p>\n Acheta \/at\u0283\u01ddt\u01dd\/ > acheta \/at\u0283\u01ddt\/<\/p>\n E – \/t\u0283\/ deaffricates and becomes the new fricative palatal voiceless \/\u0283\/, and word final \/\u01dd\/ is lost.<\/p>\n ——–<\/p>\n 2) T\u014cRNICARE \/tor.ni.ka.re\/ > Tournoyer \/tur.no.je\/<\/span><\/p>\n T\u014cR|NI|CA|RE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tournoyer<\/em>: to turn round and round<\/p>\n T\u014cRNICARE \/tor.ni.ka.re\/ > Tournicare \/tur.ni.ka.re\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Classical Latin long \/\u014d\/ becomes Vulgar Latin high mid rounded \/o\/, which, when in a blocked syllable, evolves as the high rounded \/u\/, represented as grapheme \u201cou\u201d.<\/p>\n Tournicare \/tur.ni.ka.re\/ > Tournire \/tur.ni.re\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Syncope of unstressed syllable \u201cca\u201d \/ka\/.<\/p>\n Tournire \/tur.ni.re\/ > Tournoire \/turn.wa.re\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Classical Latin short \/i\/ becomes Vulgar Latin high mid front \/e\/, which becomes pronounced as \/wa\/ and written as grapheme \u201coi\u201d in Old and modern French.<\/p>\n Tournoire \/tur.nwa.re\/ > Tournoier \/tur.no.je\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Metathesis of \/re\/ > \/er\/<\/p>\n Tournoier *\/tur.nwa.je\/ > Tournoyer *\/tur.nwa.je\/\u00a0\u00a0 Tour|no|yer<\/p>\n E \u2013 Consonantal phoneme \/y\/ inserted into cluster to divide vowels into two separate syllables \u00e0 no|yer<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 —-<\/strong><\/p>\n Using the verb tournoyer<\/em> as the source, the noun tournoiement<\/em> was created. From Old French, the word evolved into a shorter form, analyzed below.<\/p>\n —-<\/p>\n Tour|noi meaning: tournament, tourney<\/p>\n Tournoiement <\/span>\/tu\u0280n.wam\u0251\u0303\/ > Tournoi \/turn.wa\/<\/span><\/p>\n Tournoiement \/tu\u0280n.wam\u0251\u0303\/ > Tournoie \/turn.wa\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Lenition of unstressed syllable \/m\u025b\u0303\/at end of word<\/p>\n Tournoie \/turn.wa\/ > Tournoi \/turn.wa\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Loss of word-final \u201ce\u201d in modern French<\/p>\n ——–<\/p>\n 3) D\u014cNANT\/do.nant\/ > doinst \/dw<\/em><\/span>\u0251\u0303st\/ <\/em> > donnez \/don.ne\/<\/span><\/p>\n DO|NANT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Donner<\/em> meaning: to give<\/p>\n DONANT \/do.nant\/ > Doeunant \/d\u0153.nant\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Classical Latin long \/o\/ becomes Vulgar Latin \/o\/, which in turn evolves to French \u201c(o)eu\u201d, open-mid front \/\u0153\/<\/p>\n Doeunant \/d\u0153.nant\/ > Doeunt \/d\u0153nt\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Syncope of unstressed \/na\/ syllable<\/p>\n Doeunt \/d\u0153nt\/ > Doint \/doint\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Open-mid front vowel \/\u0153\/ becomes close-mid back \/o\/ + close front \/i\/, changing the vowel cluster to \/oi\/<\/p>\n Doint \/doint\/ > Doint \/dw\u0251\u0303t\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Phonetic pronunciation of \u201cdoint\u201d changes \u2013 \u201coi\u201d pronounced \/oi\/ \u201coy\u201d changes to \/wa\/, and \/a\/ is nasalized.<\/p>\n Doint \/dw\u0251\u0303t\/ > Doinst \/dw<\/em>\u0251\u0303st\/ <\/em><\/p>\n E – \/s\/ inserted between nasalized \/a\/ and \/t\/<\/p>\n Doinst \/<\/em>dw\u0251\u0303st\/ > <\/em>Doinn \/dw\u0251\u0303\/<\/p>\n F \u2013 \/t\/ lost, and \/s\/ lost to progressive assimilation (becomes \u201cn\u201d in grapheme)<\/p>\n Doinn \/dw\u0251\u0303\/ > Donnez \/d\u0254ne\/<\/p>\n G \u2013 Close front \/i\/ lost, \u201cez\u201d \/e\/ added, \u201coi\u201d \/w + \u0251\u0303\/ changed to \u201co\u201d open-mid back \/\u0254\/<\/p>\n ——–<\/p>\n 4) WARTET \/war.tet\/ > gart \/gart\/ > garde \/<\/span>ga\u0280d\/<\/p>\n 3rd<\/sup> person singular present indicative form of warten<\/em> is WARTET, matching the conjugation of the word found in the medieval text (gart)<\/em> and modern text (garde)<\/em>.<\/p>\n WAR|TET\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Garder<\/em> meaning: to guard, keep, take care of<\/p>\n WARTET \/war.tet\/ > Wart \/wart\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Syncope of unstressed word-final syllable<\/p>\n Wart \/wart\/ > Gart \/gart\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 In German, \u201cw\u201d \/w\/ evolved to be pronounced like \u201cg\u201d \/g\/ sound, so the word began to be written as \u201cgart\u201d in Old French.<\/p>\n Gart \/gart\/ > Garde \/ga\u0280d\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Lenition of plosive dental voiceless phoneme \/t\/ became plosive post-alveolar voiced phoneme\/d\/ in the evolution from Old French to modern French. \u201cE\u201d was added to the end of the word, but is not pronounced, it is pronounced as \/ga\u0280d\/. At this stage of evolution, it is possible that this word is a doublet, which means that two distinct evolutionary pathways were occurring simultaneously. Both pathways affected the formation of the modern reflex. In the second evolution, \u201cgart\u201d became \u201cgarte\u201d, and following partial lenition of \/t\/, \/t\/ became \/d\/ and the word was \u201cgarde\u201d.<\/p>\n ——-<\/p>\n 5) COMPUT\u0100RE \/com.pu.ta.re\/ > Contar \/con.tar\/ > Conter \/con.te\/<\/span><\/p>\n COM|PU|TA|RE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conter<\/em> meaning: to tell, to narrate<\/p>\n COMPUT\u0100RE \/com.pu.ta.re\/ > Comt\u0101re \/com.ta.re\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Syncope of unstressed syllable \/pu\/<\/p>\n Comt\u0101re \/com.ta.re\/ > Cont\u0101re \/con.ta.re\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Lenition of nasal bilabial phoneme \/m\/ > nasal post-alveolar phoneme \/n\/<\/p>\n Cont\u0101re \/con.ta.re\/ > Contere \/con.te.re\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Classical Latin long \/\u0101\/ becomes Vulgar Latin mid front \/e\/ when in a free syllable<\/p>\n Contere \/con.te.re\/ > Conter \/con.te\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Word-final \/e\/ is dropped<\/p>\n ——-<\/p>\n 6) PR\u014c \/pro\/ QUID \/kwid\/ > pour coi<\/em> > pourquoi<\/span><\/p>\n The evolution of the two etymons is analyzed separately below.<\/p>\n PR\u014c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pourquoi<\/em> meaning: why<\/p>\n PR\u014c \/pro\/ > P\u014dr \/por\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Metathesis of phonemes \/r\/ and \/o\/, allowing \/o\/ to be in a blocked syllable.<\/p>\n P\u014dr \/por\/ > Pour \/pur\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Classical Latin grapheme \u201c\u014d\u201d, mid back \/o\/ becomes Vulgar Latin grapheme \u201cou\u201d, high back \/u\/.<\/p>\n QU\u012cD<\/p>\n QU\u012cD \/kwid\/ > Qu\u012d \/kwi\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Complete lenition of grapheme \u201cd\u201d in coda position<\/p>\n Qu\u012d \/kwi\/ > Quoi \/kwa\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Classical Latin short \u201ci\u201d becomes mid front \u201ce\u201d in Vulgar Latin, and in French it becomes \/wa\/ \u201coi\u201d because it\u2019s in a free syllable.<\/p>\n ——-<\/p>\n 7) C\u0100NTIONEM \/kan.tio.nem\/ > canchon \/kan.<\/span>t\u0283on\/ > chanson \/<\/span> \u0283an.son\/<\/span><\/p>\n CAN|TI|O|NEM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chanson<\/em> meaning: song<\/p>\n C\u0100NTIONEM \/kan.tio.nem\/ > Cantione \/kan.tio.ne\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Lenition of final consonant \/m\/ in coda position.<\/p>\n Cantione \/kan.tio.ne\/ > Cantion \/kan.tion\/<\/p>\n B – Lenition of word-final \/e\/.<\/p>\n Cantion \/kan.tion\/ > canchon \/kan. t\u0283on\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Palatal sound \/t + j\/ (yod sound) yields the affricate palatal voiceless \/t\u0283\/ in Old French, written graphemically as \u201cch\u201d. However, this is not the regular evolution. Likely due a doublet, the middle consonantal cluster does not do as it should, which is to become affricate alveolar voiceless \/ts\/ first, then to evolve to fricative alveolar \/s\/ later, not<\/span> affricate palatal voiceless \/t\u0283\/.<\/p>\n Canchon \/kan.t\u0283on\/ > canson \/kan.son\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Palatal sound \/t\u0283\/ in Old French yields \/s\/ in modern French (see above – \/ts\/ > \/s\/; \/t\u0283\/ > \/s\/.<\/p>\n Canson \/kan.son\/ > Chanson \/t\u0283an.son\/<\/p>\n E \u2013 Plosive velar voiceless \/<\/strong>k\/ <\/strong>followed by \/a\/ (\/ka\/) yields > \/<\/strong> t\u0283a\/<\/strong> in Old French, <\/strong>which in turn yields > fricative palatal voiceless \/\u0283a\/ of modern French.<\/p>\n ——–<\/p>\n 8) V\u014cLUNTARIE \/wo.lun.ta.rie\/ > Volentiers \/vo.len.tier\/ > Volontiers \/vo.lon.tier\/<\/span><\/p>\n V\u014c|LUN|TA|RIE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Volontiers<\/em> meaning: willingly<\/p>\n V\u014cLUNTARIE \/wo.lun.ta.rie\/ > Volentarie \/wo.len.ta.rie\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Sporadic change of high back \/u\/ > mid front \/e\/ due to nasalization, which affects normal evolution of vowel change<\/p>\n B \u2013 In Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin, the grapheme \u201cv\u201d was pronounced phonetically as voiced labial-velar approximant \/w\/, but later was pronounced as fricative labiodental voiced \/v\/<\/p>\n Volentarie \/wo.len.ta.rie\/ > Volentaier \/wo.len.ta.jer\/<\/p>\n C – Metathesis of \/r\/ in final syllable<\/p>\n Volentaier \/wo.len.ta.jer\/ > Volentier \/vo.len.tjer\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Metathesis of \/r\/ to end of word, and \/w\/ changed to \/v\/ (phonetically described above)<\/p>\n Volentier \/vo.len.tjer\/ > Volentiers \/vo.len.tjers\/<\/p>\n E \u2013 Word-final \/s\/ added<\/p>\n Volentiers \/vo.len.tjers\/ > Volontiers \/vo.lon.tie\/<\/p>\n F \u2013 Vowel change mid front \/e\/ > mid back \/o\/<\/p>\n ——–<\/p>\n 9) BELLUS \/bel.lus\/ > Biaus \/bi.os\/ > Beau<\/span> \/bo\/<\/p>\n B\u0114L|LUS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beau<\/em> meaning: fine, beautiful<\/p>\n B\u0114LLUS \/bel.lus\/ > B\u0115ls \/bels\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Syncope of unstressed vowel \/u\/ and preceding consonant \/l\/<\/p>\n B\u0115ls \/bels\/ > B\u0115us \/be.us\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Lenition of lateral approximant \/l\/ in coda position into close back \/u\/<\/p>\n B\u0115us \/be.us\/ > Bieus \/be.us\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Classical Latin short \/\u0115\/ becomes Vulgar Latin \/ie\/ when placed in a free syllable<\/p>\n Bieus \/be.us\/ > Biaus \/be.os\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Vulgar Latin close-mid front \/e\/ becomes open front \/a\/ in Old French graphemically, while phonetically \u201cu\u201d changes from close back \/u\/ to close-mid back \/o\/<\/p>\n Biaus \/be.os\/ > Beaus \/bos\/<\/p>\n E \u2013 Close front vowel \/i\/ becomes close-mid front vowel \/e\/, phonetically pronounced \/bos\/, the word becomes one syllable.<\/p>\n Beaus \/bos\/ > Beau \/bo\/<\/p>\n F \u2013 Word-final \/s\/ is dropped from both the grapheme and the phonetic pronunciation<\/p>\n ———<\/p>\n 10) CULTELLUS \/kul.tel.lus\/ > Coutel \/ku.tel\/ > Couteau \/ku.to\/<\/span><\/p>\n CUL|TEL|LUS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Couteau<\/em> meaning: knife<\/p>\n CULTELLUS \/kul.tel.lus\/ > Cultel \/kul.tel\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Loss of final syllable<\/p>\n Cultel \/kul.tel\/ > Coultel \/kul.tel\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Classical Latin short \u201cu\u201d, high back \/u\/ becomes French \u201cou\u201d \/u\/.<\/p>\n Coultel \/kul.tel\/ > Coutel \/ku.tel\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Lenition of first lateral approximant \/l\/ in coda position<\/p>\n Coutel \/ku.tel\/ > Couteau \/ku.to\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 In Old French, grapheme \u201cl\u201d is pronounced as \u201cu\u201d, so the grapheme spelling becomes \u201ceu\u201d, with \/a\/ inserted to the cluster, also \u201ceau\u201d is pronounced as close-mid back \/o\/.<\/p>\n ———<\/p>\n 11) AUCELLUS \/o.kel.lus\/ > Oisel \/wa.sel\/ > Oiseau \/wa.zo\/<\/span><\/p>\n AU|CEL|LUS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oiseau<\/em> meaning: bird<\/p>\n AUCELLUS \/o.kel.lus\/ > Aucel \/o.kel\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Loss of final syllable<\/p>\n Aucel \/o.kel\/> Au\u00e7el \/o.sel\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Classical Latin \u201cc\u201d \/k\/ becomes \u201c\u00e7\u201d \/s\/ in French<\/p>\n Au\u00e7el \/o.sel \/> Oi\u00e7el \/wa.sel\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 This is not the regular evolution for Classical Latin \/u\/, because instead of \u201coi\u201d \/wa\/, it should be \/\u0153\/ or \/u\/. This is another instance where it is possible that a doublet was occurring: two parallel evolutions affecting the formation of the new form. Anyway, \/osel\/ was pronounced as \/wasel\/.<\/p>\n Oi\u00e7el \/wa.sel\/> Oisel \/wa.sel\/<\/p>\n D \u2013 Fricative palatal \/\u00e7\/ becomes fricative alveolar \/s\/, graphemic spelling remains the same.<\/p>\n Oisel \/wa.sel\/ > Oiseau \/wa.zo\/<\/p>\n E – In Old French, lateral approximant \/l\/ is pronounced as high back \/u\/, so the grapheme spelling becomes \u201ceau\u201d, with \/a\/ inserted to the cluster. In addition, fricative alveolar voiceless \/s\/ came to be pronounced as fricative alveolar voiced \/z\/ in modern French.<\/p>\n ———<\/p>\n 12) PINC + ONEM \/pink\/ + \/on.em\/ > Pin\u00e7on \/pin.son\/ > Pinson \/pin.son\/<\/span><\/p>\n PINC = Celtic root \/\/ ONEM = Classical Latin diminutive suffix<\/p>\n PINCONEM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pinson<\/em> meaning: finch<\/p>\n PINCONEM \/pin.ko.nem\/ > Pincon \/pin.kon\/<\/p>\n A \u2013 Complete lenition of unstressed syllable \/em\/<\/p>\n Pincon \/pin.kon\/ > Pin\u00e7on \/ p\u025b\u0303.s\u0254\u0303\/<\/p>\n B \u2013 Original plosive velar voiceless \u201cc\u201d \/k\/ becomes fricative alveolar voiceless \u201c\u00e7\u201d\/s\/, also close front \/i\/ becomes nasalized open-mid front \/\u025b\u0303\/ and close-mid back \/o\/ becomes nasalized open-mid back \/\u0254\u0303\/<\/p>\n Pin\u00e7on \/ p\u025b\u0303.s\u0254\u0303\/ > Pinson \/p\u025b\u0303.s\u0254\u0303\/<\/p>\n C \u2013 Phoneme of fricative alveolar voiceless \u201c\u00e7\u201d \/s\/ becomes written as matching grapheme \u201cs\u201d \/s\/<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 1) ADCAPT\u0100VIT \/ad.kap.ta.wit\/> acata \/a.ka.t\u01dd\/ > acheta \/a\u0283\u01ddt\/ AD|CAP|T\u0100V|IT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acheter: to buy ADCAPT\u0100VIT \/ad.kap.ta.wit\/ > Acat\u0101vi \/a.ka.ta.wi\/ A […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":0,"parent":40,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-303","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/303","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=303"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/303\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":585,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/303\/revisions\/585"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=303"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}