{"id":360,"date":"2015-04-23T15:59:45","date_gmt":"2015-04-23T15:59:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/?page_id=360"},"modified":"2015-04-23T16:37:35","modified_gmt":"2015-04-23T16:37:35","slug":"phonetic-analysis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/toffoli\/phonetic-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Phonetic Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Key:<br \/>\n<\/em>Stressed syllable in bold<br \/>\nSection of word being analyzed in blue<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ME<strong><span style=\"color: #000000\">LIO<\/span><\/strong>RE [meliore] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Mejor <\/em>[mexor] (Old\/Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cBetter\u201d [b\u025bt\u0259r]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>ME<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">LIO<\/span>RE [meliore] &gt; ME<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">JO<\/span>RE [mexore] after the palatization of the vowel-consonant cluster \/L + j\/&#8211;which is contained in the stressed syllable\u2014becomes the lateral, palatal voiced \/\u028e\/, which could be represented with the grapheme \u201cj\u201d or \u201cg\u201d, even \u201ci+vowel\u201d. This phoneme then delaterizes to become the fricative, velar voiceless \/x\/ graphically represented as \u201cj\u201d<\/li>\n<li>MEJ<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span>RE [mexore] &gt; MEJ<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span>RE [mexore] since the stressed syllable \u201cLIO\u201d evolves to become the stressed syllable \u201cLO\u201d, the Classical Latin vowel \u201co\u0304\u201d long \/o\/ evolves to become the high-mid, back rounded vowel \u201co\u201d \/o\/ in Vulgar Latin and the same in Spanish<\/li>\n<li>MEJOR<span style=\"text-decoration: line-through\">E<\/span> [mexore] &gt; MEJOR [mexor] after the lenition and deletion of the final vowel \/e\/ \u201ce\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>NOC<\/strong>TE [nokte] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Noche <\/em>[not\u0283e] (Old\/Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cNight\u201d [na\u026at]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>N<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span>CTE [nokte] &gt; N<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span>CTE [noxte] after the evolution of the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201co\u0304\u201d long \/o\/ evolves to become the high-mid, back rounded vowel \u201co\u201d \/o\/ in Vulgar Latin and remains the same in Spanish<\/li>\n<li>NO<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">CT<\/span>E [not\u0283e] &gt; NO<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">CH<\/span>E [noche] after the palatization of the consonant cluster \/-kt-\/ becomes the affricate, post-alveolar voiceless \/t\u0283\/ graphically represented as \u201cch\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>VI<strong>CI<\/strong>NUS (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Vezino <\/em>(Old Spanish) &gt; <em>Vecino <\/em>[be\u03b8ino] (Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cNeighbor\u201d [ne\u026ab\u0259r]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>VIC<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">I<\/span>NUS [wikinus] &gt; VIC<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">I<\/span>NUS [wikinus] after the evolution of the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201ci\u0304\u201d long \/i\/ becomes the high, front, unrounded vowel \/i\/ \u201ci\u201d in Vulgar Latin and in Spanish<\/li>\n<li>V<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">I<\/span>CINUS [wikinus] &gt; V<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">E<\/span>CINUS [wekinus] after the Classical Latin vowel \u201ci\u0306\u201d becomes the high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \u201ce\u201d \/e\/ in Vulgar Latin. When the vowel \u201ce\u201d in Vulgar Latin is in a free syllable, it remains the high-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/e\/ in Spanish<\/li>\n<li>VECIN<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">US<\/span> [wekinus] &gt; VECIN<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span> [wekino] after the Classical Latin Vowel \u201cu\u0306\u201d becomes the high-mid, back, rounded vowel \u201co\u201d \/o\/ in Vulgar Latin and then in Spanish. The final consonant \u201cs\u201d in the coda position undergoes lenition and is then deleted.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">V<\/span>E<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">C<\/span>INO [wekino] &gt; <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">V<\/span>E<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">Z<\/span>INO [betsino] after the back, semi-consonantal \/w\/ in Latin becomes the plosive bilabial consonant \/b\/, in this case graphically represented as \u201cv\u201d in Spanish. The plosive velar voiceless consonant \/k\/ graphically represented as \u201cc\u201d in Latin becomes the affricate, alveolar voiced phoneme \/dz\/ which was graphically represented as a \u201cz\u201d in old Spanish, and which then merges with the affricate, alveolar voiceless phoneme \/ts\/<\/li>\n<li>VE<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">Z<span style=\"color: #000000\">I<\/span><\/span>NO [betsino] &gt; VE<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">C<\/span>INO [be\u03b8ino] after the consonant \u201cz\u201d from the Old Spanish reflex is modernized becomes the fricative, interdental voiceless consonant \/\u03b8\/ written \u201cc(i)\u201d in some varieties of Modern Spanish; in other varieties, it merges with \/s\/, although continues to be represented with \u201cc+e, i\u201d or \u201cz+a,o,u\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>CEN<\/strong>TUM [kentum] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>\u00e7ient <\/em>[tsjent] (Old Spanish) &gt; <em>Cien <\/em>[\u03b8jen] (Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cHundred\u201d [h\u028cndr\u0259d]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>C<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">E<\/span>NTUM [kentum] &gt; C<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">IE<\/span>NTUM [kjentum] after the evolution of the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201ce\u0306\u201d becomes the low-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/\u025b\/ graphically represented as \u201ce\u201d. This Vulgar Latin vowel then diphthongizes in the transition to Spanish to become \/je\/ written \u201cie\u201d<\/li>\n<li>CIENT<span style=\"text-decoration: line-through\">UM<\/span> [kjentum] &gt; CIENT [kjent] the final syllable \u201c-TUM#\u201d undergoes two processed of lenition: first the lenition of the final consonant \u201cm\u201d, and then final vowel \u201cu\u201d. The \u201ct\u201d from \u201cTUM\u201d remains.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">C<\/span>IENT [kjent] &gt; <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u00c7<\/span>IENT [tsjent] after the Latin cluster \u201cci\u201d \/k+j\/ becomes the Old Spanish affricate, alveolar, voiceless phoneme \/ts\/ written \u201c\u00e7\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u00c7<\/span>IENT [tsjent] &gt; <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">C<\/span>IENT [\u03b8jent] after the modernization of the Old Spanish consonant \u201c\u00e7\u201d in a protected position (at the word initial) becomes the fricative, interdental voiceless phoneme \/\u03b8\/ written \u201cc\u201d. In some varieties of Modern Spanish it merges with \/s\/, although continues to be represented with \u201cc+e, i\u201d or \u201cz+a,o,u\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>CIENT [\u03b8jent] &gt; CIEN [\u03b8jen] after the lenition of the final consonant \u201ct\u201d due to weakening and ease of pronunciation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>AC<\/strong>CUM <strong>HIC<\/strong> [akum] [ik] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Aqu\u00ed <\/em>[aki] (Old\/Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cHere\u201d [hir]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">A<\/span>CCUM H<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">I<\/span>C [akkum] [ik] &gt; <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">A<\/span>CCUM H<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">I<\/span>C [akum] [ik] after the evolution of the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201ca\u0304,a\u0306\u201d long or short \/a\/ becomes the front, low, unrounded vowel \u201ca\u201d \/a\/ in Vulgar Latin and Spanish. The stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201ci\u0304\u201d long \/i\/ becomes the high, front, unrounded vowel \/i\/ \u201ci\u201d in Vulgar Latin and in Spanish<\/li>\n<li>ACCUM HIC &gt; ACUM HIC due to the gemination of the consonant cluster &#8220;cc&#8221; \/kk\/<\/li>\n<li>ACU<span style=\"text-decoration: line-through\">M<\/span> HI<span style=\"text-decoration: line-through\">C <\/span>[akum] [ik] &gt; AC HI [ak] [i] after the lenition of the final consonants \u201cm\u201d and \u201cc\u201d in coda position and the deletion of the word final vowel<\/li>\n<li>AC+HI [ak] [i] &gt; ACHI [aki] after the combing of the two words due to simplification<\/li>\n<li>ACI [aki] &gt; AQUI [aki] \u00a0after the lenition\u00a0of the grapheme\u00a0\u201ch\u201d and the use of the grapheme &#8220;qu&#8221; to represent the sound \/k\/ followed by a front vowel<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>VI<\/strong>NU [winu] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Vino <\/em>[bino] (Old\/Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cWine\u201d [wa\u026an]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>V<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">I<\/span>NU [winu] &gt; V<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">I<\/span>NU [winu] after the evolution of the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201ci\u0304\u201d long \/i\/ becomes the high, front, unrounded vowel \/i\/ \u201ci\u201d in Vulgar Latin and in Spanish<\/li>\n<li>VIN<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">U<\/span> [winu] &gt; VIN<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span> [wino] after the Classical Latin vowel \u201cu\u0306\u201d becomes the high-mid, back rounded vowel \/o\/ \u201co\u201d in Vulgar Latin and Spanish<\/li>\n<li>VINO [wino] &gt; VINO [bino] after the Latin semi-consonant \u201cv\u201d \/w\/ becomes the plosive, velar, voiced consonant \u201cv\u201d \/b\/ in Spanish<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>FOR<\/strong>TIA [fortia] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>fuer\u00e7a <\/em>[fuertsa] (Old Spanish) &gt;<em> Fuerza <\/em>[fwer\u03b8a] (Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cForce\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>F<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span>RTIA [fortia] &gt; F<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">UE<\/span>RTIA [fwertia] after the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201co\u0306\u201d short \/o\/ becomes the low-mid, back, rounded vowel \/\u0254\/ which diphthongizes in Spanish to become [we] written \u201cue\u201d<\/li>\n<li>FUER<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">TIA<\/span> [fwertia] &gt; FUER<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u00c7A<\/span> [fwertsa] after the consonantal cluster \/t + j\/ written \u201ctia\u201d undergoes palatization to become the Old Spanish cluster \/ts\/ written \u201c\u00e7\u201d<\/li>\n<li>FUER<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u00c7<\/span>A [fwertsa] &gt; FUER<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">Z<\/span>A [fwer\u03b8a] after the Old Spanish consonant \u201c\u00e7\u201d in a protected position (syllable initial) modernizes to become the fricative, interdental, voiceless phoneme \u201c\u03b8\u201d written \u201cz\u201d. In some varieties of Modern Spanish it merges with \/s\/, although continues to be represented with \u201cc+e, i\u201d or \u201cz+a,o,u\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>SEM<\/strong>PER [semper] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Sienpre <\/em>[sjenpre] (Old Spanish) &gt; <em>Siempre <\/em>[sjempre] (Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cAlways\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/lingorado.com\/ipa\/\">[\u0254l\u02ccwe\u026az<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>S<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">E<\/span>MPER [semper] &gt; S<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">IE<\/span>MPER [sjemper] after the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201ce\u0306\u201d becomes the low-mid, front, unrounded vowel \/\u025b\/ graphically represented as \u201ce\u201d. This vowel then diphthongizes in Spanish to become \/je\/ written \u201cie\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>SIE<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">M<\/span>PER [sjemper] &gt; SIE<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">MPR<\/span>E [sjempre] after metathesis of the consonant-vowel cluster \u201cper\u201d becomes \u201cpre\u201d due to ease of pronunciation<\/li>\n<li>SIE<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">M<\/span>PRE [sjempre] &gt; SIE<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">N<\/span>PRE [sjenpre] &gt; SIE<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">M<\/span>PRE [sjempre] from Old Spanish to Modern Spanish there is a series of metathetic changes between the nasal consonants \u201cm\u201d and \u201cn\u201d. It is possible that in Old Spanish the \u201cm\u201d in coda position became \/n\/ \u201cn\u201d, perhaps due to dissimilation with \/p\/, which is also a bilabial sound.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>PAU<\/strong>CUS [pawkus] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Poco <\/em>[poko] (Old\/Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cA little\u201d [\u0259 \u02c8l\u026at\u0259l]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>P<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">AU<\/span>CUS [pawkus] &gt; P<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span>CUS [pokus] after the evolution of the stressed Classical Latin diphthong \u201cau\u201d [aw] to the vowel \u201co\u0306\u201d which later evolved into the Vulgar Latin low-mid, back vowel \/\u0254\/. At this point, \/\u0254\/ would typically evolve into to Spanish diphthong \u201ceu\u201d [ew] however in this case the word evolves irregularly and the vowel does not diphthongize, but remains \u201co\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>POC<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">US<\/span> [pokus] &gt; POC<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span> [poko] after the evolution of the unstressed Classical Latin word-final vowel \u201cu\u201d to the high-mid, back rounded vowel \u201co\u201d \/o\/ in Spanish which is easier to pronounce due to fact that the plosive, velar voiceless vowel is homorganic with the manner and place of articulation of the vowel \u201co\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MEN<strong>TI<\/strong>TA [mentita] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Mentira <\/em>[mentira] (Old\/Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cLie\u201d [la\u026a]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>MEN<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">TI<\/span>TA [mentita] &gt; MEN<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">TI<\/span>TA [mentita] after the evolution of the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u201ci\u0304\u201d long \/i\/ becomes the high, front, unrounded vowel \/i\/ \u201ci\u201d in Vulgar Latin and in Spanish<\/li>\n<li>MENTI<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">T<\/span>A [mentita] &gt; MENTI<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">R<\/span>A [mentira] after the evolution from the liquid consonant \u201ct\u201d to the liquid consonant \u201cr\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>SUB<\/strong>TILIS [subtilis] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Sotil(es) <\/em>[sotil] (Old Spanish) &gt; <em>Sutil(es) <\/em>[sutil] (Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cSubtle\u201d [s\u028ct\u0259l]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>SUBT<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">I<\/span>LIS [subtilis] &gt; SUBTLIS [subtlis] after syncope of the unstressed vowel \u201ci\u201d<\/li>\n<li>SUB<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">TLI<\/span>S [subtlis] &gt; SUB<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">TIL<\/span>S [subtils] after the vowel-consonant cluster \u201ctls\u201d which is very difficult to pronounce undergoes metathesis and becomes \u201ctil\u201d for ease of pronunciation<\/li>\n<li>SU<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">B<\/span>TILS [subtils] &gt; SUTILS [sutils] after the lenition of the consonant \u201cb\u201d in the coda position of the syllable<\/li>\n<li>SUTIL<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">S<\/span> [sutils] &gt; SUTIL [sutil] after lenition and finally deletion of the final consonant \u201cs\u201d in the coda position of the word<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>LON<\/strong>GA [longa] (Classical Latin) &gt; <em>Luenga <\/em>[lwenga] (Old Spanish) &gt; <em>Longa\u00a0<\/em>[longa] (Modern Spanish) | Engl.: \u201cLong\u201d [l\u0254\u014b]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>L<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">O<\/span>NGA &gt; L<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">UE<\/span>NGA after the stressed Classical Latin vowel \u00a0\u201co\u0306\u201d short \/o\/ becomes the low-mid, back, rounded vowel \/\u0254\/ which diphthongizes in Spanish to become [we] written \u201cue\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.5\">LUENGA &gt; LONGA because in modern Spanish the word &#8220;luenga&#8221; was substituted for the word &#8220;larga&#8221; which had a similar meaning, but the word &#8220;luenga&#8221; did not evolve<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key: Stressed syllable in bold Section of word being analyzed in blue &nbsp; MELIORE [meliore] (Classical Latin) &gt; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":0,"parent":164,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-360","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/360","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=360"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/360\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":429,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/360\/revisions\/429"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/164"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.mtholyoke.edu\/romlg2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=360"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}