Phonetic analysis
INTER [ɪn.tɛr] > entre [en.tɾe]
The stressed vowel is the short vowel ǐ. It comes from the penultimate ǐn, with the light vowel ǐ being stressed.
- There is syncope of the unstressed vowel ĕ
INTER [ɪn.tɛr] > INTR [ɪn.tr]
- Stressed /ǐ / > /e/ following the regular evolution of the short ǐ, becoming the high mid front /e/
INTR /Intr/ > entr /entr/
- Epenthesis of word final e to support pronunciation of the three-consonant cluster
entr /entr/ > /entre/
CINGĔRE [kɪn.gɛ.re] > Çinxer [tsinxer]> ceñir [se.ɲiɾ]
The stressed vowel is the antepenultimate ǐ. It comes from the antepenultimate cǐn, given that the penultimate syllable is free the vowel ĕ is not heavy, making the antepenultimate blocked syllable the stressed one.
- The word initial voiceless velar /k/ plus front vowel becomes the voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/ due to palatalization and is represented by <ç>
CINGĔRE /kindʒɛr/ > ÇINGĔRE /tsiɪn.gɛ.re]
2. Loss of word final e in Spanish
Çingere /tsin.gɛ.re] > Çinger /tsin.gɛ.r]
3. In the process of palatalization /g/ plus front vowel results in /j/
Çinger /tsin.gɛ.r] > Çinger /tsin.jɛ.r]
4. The nasal consonant /n/ plus /j/ creates /nj/ which can result in two outcomes: [ɲ] and [x]. both of which we see in the original text and the modern reflection. In old Spanish
Çinger /tsin.jɛ.r] > Çinxer /tsi.xɛ.r]
In modern Spanish we see that the palatal consonant /ɲ/ arises when a yod comes after the nasal consonant /n/.
Çinxer /tsi.xɛ.r] > Çiñer /tsi.xɛ.r]
5. The stressed /ǐ / > /e/ following the regular evolution of the short ǐ, becoming the high mid front /e/
Çiñer /tsi. ɲɛ.r] > Çeñer /tse. ɲɛ.r]
6. Short ĕ in latin becomes /ɛ/ in proto romance and then dypthongizes in Spanish to become /je/ , however because of the existing yod from pallatalization it is an exemption became the modern Spanish reflex is /i/
Çeñer /tse. ɲɛ.r] > Çeñer /tse. ɲi.r]
7. There is loss of the allophonic voicing distinction so [ts] neutralize to the voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/ which then deaffricates, ending up as the fricative alveolar consonant /s/. It is important to note that however, in In certain regional varieties of Spanish at the stage where [ts] was an allophone reducing to /ts/, this sound was further front to the Fricative interdental voiceless /Ɵ/. This leads to /ts/ disassimilating to continue to be a different phoneme from all the other ones whose places of articulation are too close together. In this case we have the primary evolution to /s/ . Çeñer /tse. ɲɛ.r] > Çeñer /se. ɲi.r]
SPATHA [spa.tʰa] > espada / [esˈpaða]
The stressed vowel is the penultimate /a/, given that we cannot distinguish from the long and short vowel quanity we rely on the fact that this word has only two syllables, and the ultimate syllable is not the stressed, then we know the penultimate spa is the stressed syllable.
- Epenthesis of the prosthetic vowel /e/
SPATHA [spa.tʰa] > espatha [espa.tʰa]
2. Loss of the grapheme h due to its lack of pronunciation in Popular Latin.
espatha /ɛspatʰa/ > espata /espata/
3. Lenition of intervocalic consonant t, voiceless stopped becomes fricative /ð/
espata /ɛspata/ > espada /espaða/
MULIER /mu.li.er/ or MULIERES /mu.li.er.es/ > muglier /mũʒɛɾ /> mujer /muxeɾ/
In the form of the noun MULIER he stressed vowel is the penultimate Ū, given the two syllables of the word and its blocked position. However, it is important to note the stress shift that we see in the modern reflex from the penultimate <mu> to the ultimate <jer>. This exception can be explained by the fact that actually the word mujer comes from the genitive form MULIERIS, with the stress in the penultimate <lie> .
- /s/ > zero in word-final position
MULIERES /mu.li.er.es/ > MULIERE /mu.li.er.e/
2. Loss of word final e in Spanish
MULIERE /mu.li.er.e/ > Mulier /mulier/
3. The vowel hiatus was not preferred in Popular Latin pronunciation so in order to resolve this issue, the first vowel /i/ becomes a glide /j/, resulting in a yod
Mulier /mulier/ > Mulier /muljer/
4.The intervocalic /l/ is followed by a front vowel that becomes a yod, it becomes the lateral palatal [ʎ], which leads us to the Old Spanish reflex of the word
Mulier /muljer/ > Muglier /mulʎer/
5. However, given the new phoneme developments during Old Spanish, this /lj/ cluster had competing evolutions. The Old Spanish reflex shows one evolution, however, given that the sequence of /je/ if unstressed, reduces to /e/ and in Spanish, the /lj/ becomes the affricate/fricative post-alveolar /ʒ/ with the grapheme representation <ge>
Mulier /muljer/ > Muger /muʒer/
6. This last version of the word is the reflex that won of the two competing evolutions, which is why we see that /ʒ/ became the fricative velar voiceles /x/ in Modern Spanish
Muger /muʒer/ > Mujer /muxɛr/
GENTEM /gentem/ > yente /jente/ > gente /xente/
The stressed vowel is the penultimate Ē. Given its blocked postition this signals that it is the stressed vowel. The stressed vowel Ē follows regular evolution to /e/.
- Loss of word-final /m/
GENTEM /gentem/ > Gente /gente/
2. Word initial /g/ before frontal vowel palatalized into /j/ in old Spanish
Gente /gente/ > Yente /jente/
3. In modern spanish the merger of /g/ before front vowels, /j/ assimilates to a following back vowel, giving /x/.as in joven.
Yente /jente/ > gente /xente/
DAMNUM [dam.num] > daño [ˈda.ɲo]
The stressed vowel is the penultimate Ā. Given its blocked postion this signals that it is the stressed vowel. The stressed vowel follows regular evolution.
- Loss of word final /m/
DAMNUM /ðamnum/ > Damnu /ðamnu/
2. Word final /u/>/o/
Damnu /ðamnu/ > Damno /ðamno/
3. Regressive assimilation of the /mn/ cluster gives /n:/ which in spanish results in /ɲ/
Damno /ðamno/> daño /ðaɲo/
CAECUS /kajkus/ >Çiego /tsje.ɣo/ > ciego / ˈsje.ɣo/
The stressed syllable is the penultimate cae. The stressed vowel is the dipthong AE (one of the only 3 dipthongs in Latin), making a long vowel signaling that it is stressed.
- The fricative alveolar voiceless /s/ > zero in word-final position
CAECUS /kajkus/> Caecu /kaɛku/
2. Word final /u/ > /o/
Caecu /kaɛku/ > Caeco /kaɛko/
3. Lenition of intervocalic consonant voiceless stop velar /k/ becomes fricative /ɣ/
Caecu /kaɛku/>Caego /kaɛɣo/
4. The diphthong /aj/ yields low mid /ɛ/ in vulgar latin and then evolves into /je/ in modern spanish represented by the grapheme <ie>
Caego /kaɛɣo/ > Ciego /kjɛɣo/
5. /k/ before /i/ and /e/ became /ts/ , which lead to the voiceless alveolar affricate [ts] in old Spanish
Ciego /kjɛɣo/ > Çiego /tsjɛɣo/
6. /ts/ de-affricates, resulting in the fricative alveolar voiceless consonant /s/ . It is important to note that however, in In certain regional varieties of Spanish at the stage where [ts] was an allophone reducing to /ts/, this sound was further front to the Fricative interdental voiceless /Ɵ/. This leads to /ts/ disassimilating to continue to be a different phoneme from all the other ones whose places of articulation are too close together. In this case we have the primary evolution to /s/
Çiego /tsjɛɣo/> Ciego /sjeɣo/
PLACǏTUM //ˈpla.ki.tum/ > plazdo /plazðo/ > plazo /plaso/
The stressed vowel is the antepenultimate Ā.
- Loss of word final /m/
PLACǏTUM /plakitum/ > PLACǏTU /plakitu/
2. Lenition of intervocalic consonant /t/, voiceless stopped becomes fricative /ð/
PLACǏTU /plakitu/> Placidu /plakiðu/
3.Word final /u/ > /o/
Placidu /plakiðu/ > Placido /plakiðo/
4. /k/ before /i/ becomes the fricative alveolar voiced [z] between vowels in old Spanish
Placido /plakeðo/> Plazido /plaziðo/
5. Syncope of unstressed vowel /i/
Plazido /plaziðo/> Plazdo /plazðo/
6.The consonant cluster /zd/ was unfavorable in pronunciation and was resolved by metathesis
Plazdo /plazðo/ > Pladzo /plaðzo/
7. Assimilation of the two fricative consonants the alveolar voiced /z/ and /ð/ to the fricative alveolar voiceless /s/ . The allophonic distinction is lost so it deaffricates, leading to the fricative alveolar voiceless consonant /s/. In certain varieties, however, the stage where [ts] was an allophone reducing to /ts/, this sound was further front to the Fricative interdental voiceless /Ɵ/, which we see in ceceo varities in particular.
Plazdo /plazðo/>Plazo /plaso/
DIRECTU : /diːˈrek.tu/ [diːˈrɛk.tʊs]> derecho /dɛ.ˈɾe.ʧo/
The stressed syllable is the penultimate REC, with the stressed vowel being the long ē. Given the long vowel and blocked position, this is the stressed syllable and vowel.
- Word final /u/ to /o/
DIRECTU /direktu/ > DIRECTO /direkto/
2. The velar plus dental /kt/ through the process of palatalization creates the affricative post-alveolar voiced consonant /ʧ/
Directo /direkto/ > Direcho /direʧo/
3. The unstressed antipenultimate vowel ĭ follows normal evolution and becomes /e/
Direcho /dereʧo/ > Derecho /dereʧo/
OBLITARE /o.bli.ta.re/ > olvidar /ol.βi.ðaɾ/
The stressed vowel is the penultimate Ā
- Lenition of intervocalic /t/ to /ð/
OBLITARE /oblitare/ > Oblidare /obliðare/
2. Metathesis of consonant cluster BL to LB
Oblidare /obliðare/ > Olbidare /olbiðare/
3. The word-medial cluster /bl/ in spanish does not palatalzie, it only shows lenition. The only main change we see is a change in the grapheme.
4. Loss of word final e in Spanish
Olvidare /olβiðare/ > Olvidar /olβiðar/
REGNUM /reɡ.num/ > reyno [rejno] > reino /rɛno/
The stressed vowel is the penultimate Ē.
- The stressed short vowel ĕ follows normal evolution becoming /ɛ/
2. Loss of word-final /m/
REGNUM /rɛɣnum/ > Regnu /rɛɣnu/
3. Word final /u/ to /o/
Regnu /rɛɣnu/ > Regno /rɛɣno/
4. The cluster /gn/ consisting of velar dental consonants experiences further leniton to become /ʎ/
Regno /rɛgno/ > Reyno /rɛʎno/
5. Diphthongization of /ei/ to form /ɛj/
Reyno /rɛʎno/ > Reino /rɛjno/
PARADISUS /pa.ra. di.sus/ > paradiso /paraðiso/ >paraíso /paraiso/
The stressed vowel is the penultimate Ī.
- /s/ > zero in word-final position
PARADĪSUS /paradisus/ > Paradisu /paradisu/
2. The original intervocalic voiced stop /d/ undergoes lenition and becomes the fricative voiced stop /ð/
Paradisu /paradisu/ > Paradisu /paraðisu/
3. Word final /u/ to /o/
Paradisu /paraðisu/ > Paradiso /paraðiso/
4. Complete lenition of intervocalic fricative /ð/
Paradiso /paraðiso/ > Paraíso /paraiso/
Analysis of the verbal morphology
“-¡Martín Antolínez, sodes ardida lança, 79
si yo bivo, doblarvos he la soldada!” 80 (ch 6)
ESTIS > sodes > sois.
To be is one of the frequently used verbs that became irregular in all three reflexes. Specifically, in the evolution of second plural form of the Latin verb ESTIS shows the process of analogy. Given the present indicative forms of the Latin verb were sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt, the evolution of the Latin second plural form ESTIS to SUTIS to sodes in Old Spanish shows analogy to the forms SUM, SUMUS, and SUNT. In Old Spanish there was lenition of intervocalic /t/ to /ð/ resulting in the Old Spanish form of the verb, sodes /soðɛs/. The short U in Latin follows the regular process of evolution to becoming /o/ with the grapheme o. In Modern Spanish, the Old Spanish form of the verb, sodes /soðɛs/ is replaced by the syncopated sois after the complete lenition of the intervocalic /ð/.
De Castiella vos ides pora las yentes estranas, 176 (ch 10)
Ītis > Ides vāditis > vais
The verb ‘to go’ is one that is irregular in all three reflexes. In the case of the verb ir in Spanish, it exemplifies suppletion, which is the convergence of formerly unrelated forms into one paradigm. We can see this clearly in this text with the presence of the Old Spanish version of the verb.
The modern infinitive version of the verb ir is derived from the latin verb ĪRE, however, it’s modern indicative present forms are derived from the Latin verb VADĔRE.
It is likely that Old Spanish, given its more conservative nature, more closely followed the Latin ĪRE, which we see in this example. The second plural form of the verb in Latin results in ītis. Lenition of intervocalic /t/ to /ð/ results in the Old Spanish form of the verb, ides /iðɛs/.
In modern Spanish, the Old Spanish form of the verb, ides /iðɛs/ is replaced by the syncopated reflex of VĀDǏTǏS, vais.
● Syncope of the unstressed syllable DǏ
○ VĀDǏTǏS > VĀTǏS
● Complete lenition of intervocalic fricative /t/
○ VĀTǏS > VĀǏS
Indicative present
eō īmus
īs ītis
it eunt
vādō vādimus
vādis vāditis
vādit vādunt
Cuando lo sopo mio Ci del de Bivar (295 ch 18)
SAPǓĪ [sapwi]> Sope [sope] > supe [supe]
This example displays the effects of metaphony. The word final diphthong exerted a harmonizing effect on the stressed penultimate vowel A. The effect of this metaphony is to create the sound [aw], creating the form [sawpe]. In old Spanish this [aw] evolved into [o], resulting in [sope] Sope. Given that this verb is an example of a strong preterite, it experienced analogy of the [o] becoming a high vowel [u]. This resulted in the modern form of the verb, supe [supe].
Sacó el pie del estribera, una ferida l’ dava; 38
non se abre la puerta, ca bien cerrada. 39 (ch 4)
Aperit >abre – aperuit> abrió
The preterit tense was a completely new addition to the original Latin verb system, it did not exist. For this reason, this example shows the use of the indicative present in the Old Spanish form of the Latin verb APERIT. This form followed standard sound changes such as lenition of the intervocalic /p/ to /b/, syncope of the unstressed vowel /e/, deletion of the word final <t>, and evololution of word final /i/ to /e/.
In the modern Spanish reflex of the word, we see the development of the preterit tense. The modern Spanish reflex of the word follows the same sound changes as the Old Spanish, but in addition, we have the appearance of the preterit ending, which was formed from the Latin indicative perfect form of the word APERUIT. Similarly, to the class I stress shifts, here there is a stress shift from I to U, which resulted in the ending ió.
aperīre
Modern: preterit
Indicative perfect
aperuī aperuimus
aperuistī aperuistis
aperuit aperuērunt
Indicative present
aperiō aperīmus
aperīs aperītis
aperit aperiunt
Non vos osariemos abrir nin coger por nada;
si non, perderiemos los averes e las casas.
perdĕre habēbāmus > Perderiemos > perderíamos
Another new form that did not exist in classical latin that was formed with the romance reflexes was the conditional mood. This was a result of a combination of the infinitives and participles to express a future in the past. In this case, the Old Spanish shows a proto-future form of the verb, which later would be represented by the conditional. In old Spanish, perdĕre was combined with habēmus, which resulted in perdĕre + ēmus, which led to the Old Spanish reflex perderiemos. In the modern Spanish reflex, we see the presence of the conditional which was formed by combining perdĕre and habēbāmus, Perdĕre+ēbāmus (eamus), resulted in the modern conditional form perderíamos.
habeō habēmus
habēs habētis
habet habent
Perdĕre habēbam Perdĕre habēbāmus
Perdĕre habēbās Perdĕre habēbātis
Perdĕre habēbat Perdĕre habēbant
Perdĕre *[ea]
Perdĕre *[eas]
Perdĕre *[eat]
Perdĕre *[eamus]
Perdĕre *[eatis]
Perdĕre *[eant]
así lo an asmado e metudo en carta:
vendido les á Alocer por tres mil marcos de plata. 845 (ch 44)
MITTERE >MISSU> METTUTO >Metudo>Metido
This displays the process of weakening of strong participles that took place as the Romance reflexes evolved. The verb MITTERE, a class III verb, did not have a past participle; however, in popular Latin when class III began to evolve into class II verbs, they evolved into UTU participles. Modern Spanish eliminated the udo ending for the ido ending.
Analysis of the noun and adjective morphology
La cabeça tornando va
Caput /ˈka.put/ + itia /ˈi.ti.a/ > capitia /kapitia/ > cabeça /kaˈβetsia/ > cabeza /kaˈβeθa/
Phrase evolution:
The Classical Latin noun for the word “head” was caput (third declension, accusative, neuter). However, in Vulgar Latin the noun-forming suffix -itia(first declension, feminine) was added to the end of the word. Given that this ending is used to form nouns describing the condition of something, this is not the normal evolution of this word. Nonetheless, this created the Vulgar Latin form of the word capitia. Thus the original neuter form of the word was analyzed as a feminine singular noun in Vulgar latin, leading to it’s addition to the feminine gender in Spanish. Spanish lost the case system of Latin, thus favoring the accusative form.
Sound changes:
The stressed vowel is the long antepenultimate ā /a/.The classical latin noun for “head” was caput /ˈka.put/, but in vulgar latin the ending /itia/ (an abstract noun-forming suffix) was added to the end of the word. This created the vulgar latin form of the word capitia /kapitia/. The unstressed short vowel ǐ follows the regular spanish evolution to the high mid front vowel /e/, creating capetia /kapetia/. After lenition, the original voiceless stop /p/ becomes the fricative /β/ in Spanish, resulting in cabetia /kaβetia/. In Spanish, /tj/ plus front vowel became /ts/ in Old Spanish, forming cabeça /kaˈβetsa/. Finally, /ts/ was further fronted to the modern z /θ/, creating the current Spanish reflex: kaˈβeθa/
D’este pan
Pānis /ˈpaː.nis/
ISTE [ˈɪs.tɛ]
Masculine
Genitive
Third declension
Phrase evolution:
The third declension does keep some of its former neuters, such as MARE > mar. Parisyllabic are those whose stem has the same number of syllables throughout the declension (PANIS), and unlike their imparisyllabic counterparts parisyllables did not need to be leveled which is why we do not see this change. This word is reclassified from the third to the second declension once the third declension began to disappear, becoming a masculine singular verb in modern Spanish. The demonstrative “este” comes from the latin demonstrative HIC for “this”. However, all the romance languages replaced HIC with the 2nd person ISTE/U instead. The genitive case began to dissolve even in early latin because it could be replaced by DE + noun. This was one of the steps in the evolution of Latin’s six cases to two cases. We see this here with the use of the phrase “d’este” a combination of de +este.
Sound changes:
For the word, Pānis /ˈpaː.nis/ the stressed vowel is the penultimate a, which is heavy ā /a/. Knowing this, we can identify syncope of the unstressed vowel /i/ resulting in the form /ˈpaː.ns/. Then /s/ > zero in word-final position, leading to /pan/.
For the word, iste the stressed vowel is the penultimate i, which is light ĭ. Following the normal progression for a light ĭ, this becomes /e/ , leading to the modern spanish reflex /este/.
De rica piel
Pellis >[ˈpɛl.lɪs] > pielle /pjɛlle/ > piel /pjɛl/
Feminine
Third declension
Genitive
Singular
Phrase evolution:
The genitive case began to dissolve even in early latin because it could be replaced by DE + noun. This was one of the steps in the evolution of Latin’s six cases to two cases. Old Spanish lost the case marking system. In modern spanish the DE before the noun is completely lost. Just as in modern spanish, Latin adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
Sound changes:
The stressed vowel is the short penultimate ě /ɛ/. This vowel follows the normal short ě vowel evolution to /ɛ/ to [je] “ie” in Old Spanish, creating piellis /pjɛllɪs/. The short unstressed ǐ follows the normal evolution becoming /e/ in proto romance, forming /pjɛlles/. Then /s/ > zero in word-final position, leading to /pjɛlles/. The long consonant /l:/ degeminated becoming a plain consonant /l/. There is also loss of word-final vowel /e/ in the modern Spanish reflex, resulting in piel /pjɛl/.
Mostrando los miráculos
Mīrāculum
Accusative
Neuter
Second declension
Phrase evolution:
Latin had no definite article, but pre-Romance speech was already creating one from the demonstrative ILLE. By the time of the earliest Romance documents definite article is a fully grammatized category. Used as a definite article, ILLE was unstressed. In Spanish, under this condition LL reduces to [l]. This yields ele, ela, elos, elas. These words eventually lose the front vowel /e/, except for ele which loses the word-final e, which follows the typically pattern of a word final vowel, making la an exception. In the evolution from three to two genders, neuters of the second declension easily became masculine (considering the typical loss of word final m), leading to Miraculum to become a masculine word rather than a neutral word.
Sound changes:
Mīrāculum /miːˈraː.ku.lum/ > miráculo /miˈra.ku.lu/ > milagro [miˈlaɣɾo]
The stressed vowel is the antepenultimate heavy ā /a/. The word final /m/ > zero and then the free word short ŭ follows the typical evolution in proto romance to /o/, creating miraculo. Given the presence of the heavy word initial ī, a stress accent is added to /a/ to distinguish the stressed vowel, creating miráculo /miˈra.ku.lo/. The intervocalic /r/ undergoes lentiion resulting in /l/. There is syncope of the unstressed vowel u /u/, resulting in [miˈlakro]. The consonant cluster /kr/ results in palatalization of the /k/ resulting in the replacement with the consonant /ɣ/, creating the modern reflex milagro [miˈlaɣɾo].
Cuando oy nos partimos.
Nōs
Nominative and accusative plural of ego: we, us
Phrase evolution:
In classical latin, all of the personal pronouns could stand on their own. However, this changed with Romance, which created a new category of pronouns known as clitics, which cannot stand alone and which behave more like verb affixes than like full-fledged words. Nos is an example of an atonic or clitic pronoun which cannot stand alone. From NOS VOS come Old Spanish nos vos. In some Old Spanish reflexes we see nós and ós, however this is not the case here. The nosotros currently used in Modern Spanish evolved from the latin Nōs plus from NOS VOS plus ALTRO (alterōs), originally highlight contrast with some other referent which has been now lost. Spanish only uses subject pronouns for emphasis. Otherwise, its atonic subject pronouns are omitted. In this case we see that there is emphasis on the fact that WE will leave, which is why the subject pronoun is included.
Sound changes:
/nos/ +/ˈal.terōs/,> /noˈsotros/
The stressed vowels are the only vowel in nos and the ultimate heavy ō in alteros. With the combination of these two words ( nosalteros ), we first have loss of the unstressed vowel /a/ resulting in /nosl.terōs/. In order to resolve the three consonant cluster ‘slt’, the inter consonantal /l/ is lost to syncope, resulting in /nosterōs/. We then have syncope of the unstressed vowel /e/ resulting in /nosterōs/. In order to resolve the cononant cluster, /o/ is added resulting in /noˈsotros/.
Redondo, fuerte e grand.
Phrase evolution:
Adjectives that belonged to the Latin third declension are easily recognized in Spanish because they have no gender contrast. Fuerte and grand are examples of this. Meanwhile Redondo displays characteristics of a second declension adjective that does distinguish gender.
Sound changes:
Grandis /ɡran.dɪs/ > /ɡɾand/ > /ɡɾande/
The stressed vowel is the penultimate heavy /a/. /s/ > zero in word-final position, leading to /ɡɾandi/. Word final vowel /i/ is lost to syncope resulting in /ɡɾand/. Finally, word final /e/ is added to help in pronunciation of the nasal cluster /nd/, creating ɡɾande/.
Fortis /ˈfɔr.tɪs/> fuerte [ˈfwerte]
The stressed vowel is the penultimate light ǒ. This vowel follows the natural progression to/ɔ/ in SPanish, resulting in the grapheme change to ue. /s/ > zero in word-final position, leading to /ˈfɔr.tɪ/. The short ǐ becomes /e/ following its normal evolution in Spanish, leading to the modern spanish reflex [ˈfwerte].
Rotundus [roˈtɔn.dɔs] > Redondo [reˈðondo]
The stressed vowel is the anti penultimate heavy ō. The unstressed ǔ and ǒ follows normal evolution in spanish and become /o/, leading to [roˈtondo]. The intervocalic /t/ experiences lenition and becomes the fricative voiceless /ð/. Finally, the stressed vowel ō is an exception as it becomes /e/, which is not it’s typical evolution.