- Dueña
Etymon: domina
/dó-m-in-a/ > duena /Dwé-na/ > DUEÑA > /dwe-na/
/do-mi-na/ > /Do-m-na/ syncope of unstressed vowel.
Assimilation of bilabial m to n in place of articulation of nasal, alveolar n.
Donna /Do-nna/ > Duenna /dwe-nna/ dypthongization of low mid back /c/ from latin short /o/ into /we/ /“ue/“
Duenna /dwe-nna/ > Dueña /dwe-na/ by polarization of cluster /nm/ to create new nasal palatal /n/. Creation of new nasal palatal ñ /ny-a/
2. Enbiar.
Etymon: Inviare
Inviare > Enbiar > enviar
In-wi-are > En-wi-are by the evolution of the unstressed vowel /i/ high front to /e/ high mid front
En-wi-are > En-bi-are shows the evolution of /v/ to /b/ in Spanish. No change in pronounciation/grapheme. The /b/ and /v/ sound are indistinguishable.
the loss of word final /e/ high mid front [enbiar] > En-bi-are > en-bi-ar
This is the same sound just a different grapheme from old to new Spanish as in modern Spanish it is [enviar]
3. Jodios.
Etymon: Judaeus.
Judaeus /ju-daj-us/ > Jodios /jo-dí-os/ > Judious /xu-dí-os/
/iu-dae-us/ > /iu-daj-os/ shows the typical evolution of the word-final high back vowel /u/ to the high-mid back vowel /o/ that is common from old to modern Spanish.
/iu-daj-os/ > /xu-daj-os/ via palatization. Demonstrates the original creation of a yod, /i+vowel/, in this case /iu/, becomes /x/.
/xu-daj-os/ > /xo-daj-os/ palatalization of the short stressed high back vowel /u/ to the high-mid back vowel /o/.
/jo-daj-os/ > /jo-dí-os/ is a unique evolution. The unstressed dipthong /ae/ to the high front vowel /i/.
/jo-dí-os/ > /ju-dí-os/ due to /j/ in the following syllable. The high-mid back vowel /o/ changes its place of articulation to a high back vowel /o/.
4. Veo.
Etymon: Vidre > Ver [ber].
The stressed syllable is the antepenultimate “Vi,” syncope of the unstressed high mid front vowel /e/ in the penultimate syllable “De”.
5. Videre > Vidre.
Shows a typical evolution from vulgar Latin to Spanish, the stressed high front vowel /i/ evolves into the high-mid front vowel /e/ vidre > Vedre
The voiced consonant /d/ is in a word-medial cluster, “dr,” and is postvocalic, which means it undergoes lenition. This results in the weakening of the “d” until deletion: Vedre > Vere.
Word final high-mid vowel /e/ lenites and is then deleted, which results in Vere > Ver.
6. Vencer.
from Latin vincere.
Affricate s sound. Methasis of stressed “i” to “e”.
-fortition of v to b in sound
Affricate alveoler /ser/. Merges with already existing s and then disappears.
Loss of unstressed, final ‘e’ in word final.
7. Buena.
Etymon: Bona.
Bona > Buena [bwena]
The low-mid back short vowel /o/ diphthongizes to “ue” [we]. This type of evolution is typical from Latin to Spanish. The word final low center vowel /a/ remains.
Bona [bona] > Buena [bwena].
8. Tempus > Tiempo.
Diphthongization of Latin stressed short E and O in closed syllables as well as open in “e” to “ie” and “us” to “o”. In word final. This is a special case as the suffix -s denotes the plural form.
Tempus > Tiempos. This creates a plural noun, which caused speakers to create a new singular > “Tiempo”. Which means the loss of the “s” (a weakened consonant) undergoes elision.
9. Cumplida.
Etymon: Complitus.
Complitus > cunplido > cumplida
Kom-pli-tus > Kum-pli-tus assimilates to /cum/ “k” changing to “c”, the prefix that forms the verb, changing /o/ mid high back to /u/ high back.
Kum-pli-tus > Kun-pli-tus when the consonant cluster /MP/ evolves to /NP/
Kun-pli-tus > Kun-pli-tu
word final loss of /s/.
Evolution of /t/ to /d/ > Kun-pli-tu > Kun-pli-du.
Kun-pli-du > Kun-pli-do evolution of word final /u/ high back to /o/ mid high back.
Old Spanish [cunplido]
Kun-pli-do > Kum-Pli-do when the cluster /NP/ evolves to /MP/ [cumplido]
“a” shows the feminine form in modern spanish.
10. Fabla.
Etymon: Fabulari.
Fabulari > Fablo> Habló
Represents class 1 verb in richzotonic; non-allomorphic.
/Fabulari/> /fabular/ after loss of word final vowel /i/
after syncope of unstressed vowel /u/ > /Fabular/ > /Fablar/
Lenition of fricative voiceless labiodental /f/ to fricative voiceless glottal /h/> /Fablar/ > /Hablar/
Lenition of /h/ > /Hablar/ >/Ablar/.
11. Dixo.
Etymon: Dixit.
Dixit > Dixo > dijo
syncope of word final /t/ > Di-ksit > Di-ksi
evolution of word final /i/ high front to /o/ high mid back [dixo] > Di-ksi > Di-kso
Di-kso > Di-xo > palatalization of /-ks/ to /x/ through compromised articulation [dijo] /x/ underwent a change of pronunciation from /dj/ to /j/ to give the modern spanish version “dijo”
12. Bien.
Latin “bene”
“bien” in modern Spanish.
The word final mid-high front /e/ in Latin [bene] undergoes lenition > [ben].
The stressed short /ě/ becomes the low-mid front /ε/ in vulgar Latin, and then diphthongizes to /ie/ in modern Spanish, creating the final word, [bien].