Phonetic Analysis

1.) HOMINIS > HOMNES > hombres [ómbres]

1. HOMINIS > HOMNIS after syncope of the unstressed vowel [i]
2. HOMNIS > HOMNES after unstressed Classical Latin short [i] becomes the high mid front [e] in Vulgar Latin, which remains the same in Spanish
3. HOMNES > HOMRES after the nasal + nasal cluster of the nasal labial voiced [m] and the voiced nasal interdental [n] merges with the cluster [mr]
4. HOMRES > HOMBRES after the voiced labial plosive [b] is inserted between the nasal labial voiced [m] and the vibrating alveolar voiced [r]

2.) MULIERIS > MUGIERES > mujeres [muxeres]

1. MULIERIS > MULIERES after the stressed Classical Latin short [i] becomes the high mid front [e] in Vulgar Latin, which remains the same in Spanish
2. MULIERES > MUGIERES [muʎeres] the yod [l + j] in Classical Latin changes to the sound [ʎ] represented by the grapheme “gi”
3. MUGIERES [muʎeres] > MUJERES [muxeres] after the sound [ʎ] evolves into the voiced fricative velar [x]

3.) FILIUS > FIJO > hijo [ixo]

1. FILIUS > FIJUS [fiʎus] after the yod [l + j] in Classical Latin changes to [ʎ] in Old Spanish
2. FIJUS [fiʎus] > FIJUS [fixus] after the [ʎ] in Old Spanish evolves into the voiced fricative velar [x] in Modern Spanish
3. FIJUS > FIJU after lenition of the [s] in coda position
4. FIJU > FIJO the WORD FINAL short [u] in Classical Latin changes to an [o] in Modern Spanish
5. FIJO > HIJO in Old Spanish [f] and [h] where allophones, both conservatively spelled as <f> until the 16^th century when writers introduced <h> to represent [h]
6. HIJO [hixo] > HIJO [ixo] the orthographic <h> is now silent in Modern Spanish

4.) LAXARE > DEXAR > dejar [dexar]

1. LAXARE > LAXAR after loss of the word final vowel [e]
2. LAXAR > LEXAR after the sporadic change of unstressed [a] to [e]
3. LEXAR > DEXAR as a result of a similar verb in Umbrian, another Italic language which had a strong influence in the Romance Languages. In Old Spanish “dexar” and “lexar” coexisted
4. DEXAR [deksar] > DEJAR [dexar] after the yod [k + s] in Classical Latin changed in to [x] in Modern Spanish

5.) FACERE > FACER > hacer [aser]

1. FACERE > FACER after loss of the word final vowel [e]
2. FACER > HACER in Old Spanish [f] and [h] where allophones, both conservatively spelled as <f> until the 16^th century when writers introduced <h> to represent [h]
3. HACER [haker] > HACER [aker] the orthographic <h> is now silent in Modern Spanish
4. HACER [aker] > HACER [aser] after the yod [k + e] in Classical Latin evolves into [s] in Modern Spanish

6.) RECUPERAR > RECOMBRAR > recobrar [rekobrar]

1. RECUPERAR > RECOPERAR the short [u] in Classical Latin changes to an [o] in Modern Spanish
2. RECOPERAR > RECOPRAR after syncope of the unstressed vowel [e]
3. RECOPRAR > RECOBRAR after the partial lenition of [p] to [b] due to the phoneme being in an unprotected position
4. RECOBRAR > RECOMBRAR after the sporadic homorganic epenthesis of [m]
5. RECOMBRAR > RECOBRAR after the deletion of [m] in coda position

7.) EXTRANEU > ESTRAÑO > extraño [ekstraŋo]

1. EXTRANEU > EXTRAÑU after the yod [n + j] changes to [ŋ]
2. EXTRAÑU > EXTRAÑO after the short [u] changes to [o]
3. EXTRAÑO > ESTRAÑO after the yod [k + s] in Classical Latin changed in to [x] in Modern Spanish
4. ESTRAÑO > EXTRAÑO after the spelling changes to reflect the pronunciation of [x]

8.) PLACERE > PLAZER > placer [plaser]

1. PLACERE > PLACER after loss of word final vowel [e]
2. PLACER > PLAZER after the yod [k + e] in Classical Latin evolves into the affricate [ts] in Old Spanish
3. PLAZER > PLACER after the [ts] evolves into the fricative [s] in Modern Spanish

9.) LOCALE > LOGAR > lugar [lugar]

1. LOCALE > LOCAL after loss of word final vowel [e]
2. LOCAL > LOGAL after the partial lenition of [k] to [g] due to the phoneme being in an unprotected position
3. LOGAL > LOGAR after the dissimilation of [l] to [r]
4. LOGAR > LUGAR after the sporadic change of [o] to [u]. Normally a short [o] in Classical Latin evolves into [we] in Modern Spanish.

10.) COCTA > CUETA > cuita [cwita]

1. COCTA > COTA after the lenition of [k] in the coda position
2. COTA > CUETA after the short [o] changes into [ɔ] in Vulgar Latin and then to [we] in Old Spanish
3. CUETA > CUITA after the sporadic change of [e] to [i]

11.) QUASSIARE > AQUEXAR > quexar [kejar]

1. QUASSIARE > QUASIARE after the degemination of [s]
2. QUASIARE > QUASIAR after loss of word final vowel [e]
3. QUASIAR > AQUASIAR after the prosthesis of [a]
4. AQUASIAR > AQUAXAR after the original yod [j + a] in Classical Latin evolves into [x] in Old Spanish
5. AQUAXAR > AQUEXAR after the sporadic change of [a] to [e]
6. AQUEXAR > QUEXAR after the syncope of the unstressed vowel [a]

12.) DEESIBI > DESI > desde [desde] allí [aʎi]

1. DEESIBI > DESIBI after the merger of [ee] into [e]
2. DESIBI > DESII after the deletion of [b]
3. DESII > DESI after the merger of [ii] into [i]
4. DESI > DESE the short [i] in Classical Latin changes to an [e] in Modern Spanish
5. DESE > DESDE after the homorganic epenthesis of the dental [d]
6. DESDE > DESDE ALLÍ after the word allí is added in order to maintain the original meaning